Difficulties in the Production of Ausferritic Nodular Cast Iron without Heat Treatment

• Autorzy: Stawarz Marcin , Lenert Małgorzata , Piasecki Karol

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/afe.2023.144308

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The paper presents results of tests carried out on ausferrite carbide matrix alloyed ductile cast iron. The ausferrite was obtained via addition of Cu and Mo alloying elements. This eliminated heat treatment from the alloy production cycle. The article presents results of tests of the quality of the obtained material. Emphasis was put on metallographic analysis using light and scanning microscopy. Works also included chemical composition tests and EDS analysis. Strength tests were executed in an accredited laboratory. It is possible to create a raw ausferrite carbide matrix without subjecting an alloy to heat treatment. However, it turned out that quality parameters of cast iron were insufficient. The obtained material hardness was 515 HB, while Rm strength and A5 ductility were very low. The low tensile strength of the analyzed alloy resulted from the presence of degenerate graphite secretion (of flake or vermicular shape) in the cast iron. The tests also demonstrated that the alloy was prone to shrinkage-related porosity, which further weakened the material. Alloys made of alloyed ductile iron of ausferrite matrix micro-structure are very attractive due to elimination of the heat treatment process. However, their production process and chemical composition must be optimized.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ausferrite; nodular cast iron; alloyed cast iron; casting quality; vari-morph cast iron

PL

ausferryt; żeliwo sferoidalne; żeliwo stopowe; jakość odlewu; żeliwo zmiennokształtne

• Wydawca: Komisja Odlewnictwa Polskiej Akademii Nauk Oddział w Katowicach
• Czasopismo: Archives of Foundry Engineering
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: Vol. 23, iss. 3
• Strony: 5--11
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 31 poz., il., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Stawarz Marcin

• Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-6768

autor

Lenert Małgorzata

• Odlewnia RAFAMET Sp. z o.o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4875-4242

autor

Piasecki Karol

• Odlewnia RAFAMET Sp. z o.o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3085-5180

Bibliografia

• [1] Ahmed, M., Riedel, E., Kovalko, M., Volochko, A., Bähr, R. & Nofal, A. (2022). Ultrafine ductile and austempered ductile irons by solidification in ultrasonic field. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(3), 1463-1477. DOI:10.1007/s40962-021-00683-8.
• [2] Benam, A.S. (2015). Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron (ADI) properties and its process: review. China Foundry. 12(1), 54-70.
• [3] Uyar, A., Sahin, O., Nalcaci, B., & Kilicli. V. (2022). Effect of austempering times on the microstructures and mechanical properties of dual-matrix structure austempered ductile iron (DMS-ADI). International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(1), 407-418. DOI:10.1007/s40962-021-00617-4.
• [4] Lefevre, J. & Hayrynen. K.L. (2013). Austempered materials for powertrain applications. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 22(7), 1914-1922. DOI:10.1007/s11665-013-0557-4.
• [5] Tyrała, E., Górny, M., Kawalec, M., Muszyńska, A. & Lopez, H.F. (2019). Evaluation of volume fraction of austenite in austempering process of austempered ductile iron. Metals. 9(8), 1-10. DOI:10.3390/met9080893.
• [6] Fraś, E., Górny, M., Tyrała, E. & Lopez. H. (2012). Effect of nodule count on austenitising and austempering kinetics of ductile iron castings and mechanical properties of thin walled iron castings. Materials Science and Technology. 28(12), 1391-1396. DOI:10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000088.
• [7] Ibrahim, M.M., Negm, A.M., Mohamed, S.S. & Ibrahim. K.M. (2022). Fatigue properties and simulation of thin wall castings. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(4), 1693-1708. DOI:10.1007/s40962-021-00711-7.
• [8] Gumienny, G. & Kacprzyk. B. (2018). Copper in ausferritic compacted graphite iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 162-166. DOI:10.24425/118831.
• [9] Abdullah, B., Alias, S. K., Jaffar, A., Rashid, A.A., Ramli, A. (2010). Mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of 0.5% niobium alloyed ductile iron under austempered process in salt bath treatment. International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technology, (pp. 610-614). DOI:10.1109/ICMET.2010.5598431.
• [10] Akinribide, O.J., Ogundare, O.D., Oluwafemi, O.M., Ebisike, K., Nageri, A.K., Akinwamide, S.O., Gamaoun, F. & Olubambi, P.A. (2022). A review on heat treatment of cast iron: phase evolution and mechanical characterization. Materials. 15(20), 1-38. DOI:10.3390/ma15207109.
• [11] Samaddar, S., Das, T., Chowdhury, A.K., & Singh, M. (2018). Manufacturing of engineering components with Austempered ductile iron - A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(11), 2561525624. DOI:10.1016/j.matpr. 2018.11.001.
• [12] Stachowiak, A., Wieczorek, A.N., Nuckowski, P., Staszuk, M. & Kowalski, M. (2022). Effect of spheroidal ausferritic cast iron structure on tribocorrosion resistance. Tribology International. 173. DOI:10.1016/j.triboint.2022.107688.
• [13] Myszka, D. & Wieczorek, A. (2015). Effect of phenomena accompanying wear in dry corundum abrasive on the properties and microstructure of austempered ductile iron with different chemical composition. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1), 483-490. DOI:10.1515/amm-2015-0078.
• [14] Pimentel, A.S.O., Guesser, W.L., Portella, P.D., Woydt, M. & Burbank. J. (2019). Slip-rolling behavior of ductile and austempered ductile iron containing niobium or chromium. Materials Performance and Characterization. 8(1), 402-418. DOI:10.1520/MPC20180188.
• [15] Machado, H.D., Aristizabal-Sierra, R., Garcia-Mateo, C. & Toda-Caraballo, I. (2020). Effect of the starting microstructure in the formation of austenite at the intercritical range in ductile iron alloyed with nickel and copper. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14(3), 836-845. DOI:10.1007/s40962-020-00450-1.
• [16] Janowak, J.F. & Gundlach. R.B. (1985). Approaching austempered ductile iron properties by controlled cooling in the foundry. Journal of Heat Treating. 4(1), 25-31. DOI:10.1007/BF02835486.
• [17] Gumienny, G. & Kurowska, B. (2018). Alternative technology of obtaining ausferrite in the matrix of spheroidal cast iron. Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 58(1), 13-29. DOI:10.7356/iod.2018.02.
• [18] Gumienny, G., Kacprzyk, B., Mrzygłód, B. & Regulski. K. (2022). Data-driven model selection for compacted graphite iron microstructure prediction. Coatings. 12(11). DOI:10.3390/coatings12111676.
• [19] Tenaglia, N.E., Pedro, D.I., Boeri, R.E. & Basso. A.D. (2020). Influence of silicon content on mechanical properties of IADI obtained from as cast microstructures. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 33(2-3), 72-79. DOI:10.1080/13640461.2020.1756082.
• [20] Méndez, S., De La Torre, U., González-Martínez, R. & Súarez. R. (2017). Advanced properties of ausferritic ductile iron obtained in as-cast conditions. International Journal of Metalcasting. 11(1), 116-122. DOI:10.1007/s40962-016-0092-9.
• [21] Kashani, S.M. & Boutorabi. S. (2009). As-cast acicular ductile aluminum cast iron. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 16(6), 23-28. DOI:10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60022-2.
• [22] Ferry, M. & Xu. W. (2004). Microstructural and crystallographic features of ausferrite in as-cast gray iron. Materials Characterization. 53(1), 43-49. DOI:10.1016/j.matchar.2004.07.008.
• [23] Stawarz, M. & Nuckowski. P. M. (2022). Corrosion behavior of simo cast iron under controlled conditions. Materials. 15(9), 1-14. DOI:10.3390/ma15093225.
• [24] Stawarz, M. (2018). Crystallization process of silicon molybdenum cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(2), 100-104. DOI:10.24425/122509.
• [25] Vaško, A., Belan, J. & Tillová. E. (2018). Effect of copper and molybdenum on microstructure and fatigue properties of nodular cast irons. Manufacturing Technology. 18(6), 1049-1052. DOI:10.21062/ujep/222.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/ 1048.
• [26] Silman, G.I., Kamynin, V.V. & Tarasov. A.A. (2003). Effect of copper on structure formation in cast iron. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 45(7-8), 254-258. DOI:10.1023/A:1027320116132.
• [27] Gumienny, G., Kacprzyk, B. & Gawroński, J. (2017). Effect of copper on the crystallization process, microstructure and selected properties of CGI. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 51-56. DOI:10.1515/afe-2017-0010.
• [28] Vaško, A. (2017). Fatigue properties of nodular cast iron at low frequency cyclic loading. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2205-2210. DOI:10.1515/amm-2017-0325.
• [29] Stawarz, M. & Nuckowski. P.M. (2020). Effect of Mo addition on the chemical corrosion process of SiMo cast iron. Materials. 13(7), 1-10. DOI:10.3390/ma13071745.
• [30] Stawarz, M. (2017). SiMo ductile iron crystallization process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 147-152. DOI:10.1515/afe-2017-0027.
• [31] Zych, J., Myszka, M. & Kaźnica, N. (2019). Control of selected properties of „Vari-morph” (VM) cast iron by means of the graphite form influence, described by the mean shape indicator. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(3), 43-48. DOI:10.24425/afe.2019.127137.