BazTech - Yadda

1

The Effect of Organic Substrates Application on the Amylolytic Activity of Urban Soils

Wydro U., Wołejko E., Jabłońska-Trypuć A., Butarewicz A., Łoboda T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

251--259

EN

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of fresh and thermally treated sewage sludge on the amylolytical activity of the urban soils. Two experimental areas on the lawns along the main roads of Bialystok were prepared in 2011 and 2015. The factors taken into account in the experiment involved: the type of sewage sludge (mechanically dewatered – SS and thermally dried “Granbial” – G), three doses of sewage sludge (0 – control; 14.5 and 29 t DM/ha) and two grass mixtures (Eko and Roadside). The number of amylolytic bacteria in grass mixtures and rhizosphere and amylase activity in soil were monitored twice during 2011 and 2012 vegetation season (in July and October). The main properties of soil (soil pH, granulometric composition, total organic carbon – TOC, available phosphorus and total nitrogen content) after the application of organic substrates were also analysed. Addition of the dewatered sewage sludge to soil resulted in an increase in the number of amylolytic bacteria (from 7.4 to 18.8 ∙106 cfu/g DM) in July, while in the soil treatment with thermally dried sludge, the increased number of the bacteria (from 11.03 to 44.68 ∙106 cfu/g DM) was observed in October. The amylases activity in the soil treated with SS exhibited the highest average value in July (2.11 mg Glc/g DM ∙24 h), while in the soil treated with “Granbial”, it was stable in studied period (from 1.65 to 2.18 mg Glc/g DM ∙24 h).

2

Estimation of soil fertility from organic plantations strawberries and raspberries in the south-eastern Poland

Jarosz Z., Krawiec P., Michalojc Z., Pitura K., Dzida K.

Aparatura Badawcza i Dydaktyczna

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2017

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T. 22, nr 3

153--158

EN

Studies conducted in the years 2014-2015 were designed to evaluate of soil fertility from 22 organic farms specializing in the cultivation of strawberries and raspberries from the south-eastern Poland. Evaluated soil sampled in 56 different plantation of strawberries and raspberries. Soil pH was determined in distilled water (pHH2O). Soil fertility determined in the extract of 0.03 M CH3COOH and the content of available forms of nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), phosphorus (P-PO4), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were expressed in mg dm-3 as well as in mg 100g-1 dry soil. In addition in soil samples salinity was determined expressed as g NaCl dm-3. Analysis of the results obtained in the studies showed that the pH of the soils studied (pHH2O) was in the range 4.60-7.60. The content of macronutrients in the soils contained in compartments (mg dm-3): ˂10.0-19.8 N-NO3, 2.0-33.0 P-PO4, 10.0-239.0 K, 107.0-3930.0 Ca, 26.0-134.0 Mg.

PL

Badania przeprowadzone w latach 2014-2015 miały na celu ocenę zasobności gleb w 22 gospodarstwach ekologicznych specjalizujących się w uprawie truskawki i maliny, zlokalizowanych w południowo-wschodniej Polsce. Badaniom poddano 56 prób glebowych z plantacji truskawki i maliny. Odczyn gleby (pH) oznaczono w wodzie destylowanej (pH H2O). Zasobność gleby określano w ekstrakcie 0,03 M CH3 COOH, a zawartości dostępnych form azotu azotanowego (N-NO3), fosforu (P-PO4), potasu (K), wapnia (Ca) i magnezu (Mg) wyrażono w mg∙dm-3, jak również w mg∙100g-1suchej gleby. Ponadto w próbkach glebowych określono poziom zasolenia wyrażony jako g NaCl dm-3. Analiza wyników uzyskanych w badaniach wykazała, że odczyn badanych gleb (pH H2O) zawierał się w zakresie od 4,60 do 7,60. Zawartość makroskładników w badanych próbkach gleb zawierała się w przedziale (mg∙dm-3): ≤10,0-19,8 N-NO3, 2,0-33,0 P-PO4, 10,0-239,0 K, 107,0-3930,0 Ca, 26,0-134,0 Mg.

3

Forms of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) occuring in rhizospheres from the areas of former and contemporary Zn-Pb ore mining

Rożek D., Nadłonek W., Cabała J.

Mining Science

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2015

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Vol. 22, Special Issue 2

125--138

EN

The research areas were selected in the regions heavily polluted by wastes from the former washing plant, flotation waste dump and by non-sulphide Zn-Pb ores from open pit mining in the Olkusz region. The submicroscopic phases occurring in the surface of plant roots and in the rhizospheres were investigated by XRD and SEM/EDS methods. Morphology of submicroscopic metalliferous phases and their manner of occurrence were the subject of study. The analysis of EDS spectra enabled to identify phases and mineral aggregates including Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cd in their structure. The soils from the washing plant and areas of open pit exploitation are contaminated by diverse complexes of minerals. The occurrence of unstable Fe, Pb, Ca sulphates indicate that these wastes are still intensively geochemically active.

4

Influence of sewage sludge on the chosen soil properties and microbiological parameters of urban grass mixtures rhizosphere

Wydro U., Wołejko E., Łoboda T., Matejczyk M., Butarewicz A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 1

171--177

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of municipal sewage sludge on selected microbiological parameters in the rhizosphere of lawn grass mixtures. Four experiments on the lawns along the main roads of Bialystok were founded. The factors in the experiment were three doses of sewage sludge (0 – control; 7.5 and 15 kg·m-2) and two grass mixtures (Eko and Roadside). The studied parameters were monitored twice during 2011 vegetation season by determining the total number of soil microorganisms, the total number of Gram-negative bacteria, the number of bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens species, the number of amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Sewage sludge amended to soil resulted in a change of physical-chemical properties of soil. The sewage sludge application to soil influenced significantly the number of proteolytic and Gram-negative bacteria.

5

Dynamics of Changes in Microorganisms in Rhizosphere Zone of Lawn Grasses in the Second Year After the Application of Sewage Sludge

Wołejko E., Wydro U., Łoboda T., Piekut J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

126--132

EN

The aim of the study was to present the dynamics of changes in the number of selected microorganisms in the rhizosphere zone of grasses two years after the application of sewage sludge. The study was conducted on four specially prepared research plots along the main roads in Bialystok. Three doses of sewage sludge were applied: 0 (control), 7.5 and 15 kg/m2. Then the plots were seeded with two mixtures of lawn grasses: Eko and Roadside. Samples of roots with soil were collected three times during the vegetation period of 2012 (April, July and October) and assayed for the total number of bacteria, the number of Gram-negative bacteria, the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens, the number of amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Microbiological tests of the rhizosphere showed seasonal variations of all investigated microbiological parameters. The greatest average of the total number of bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed on the plots in April, amylolytic bacteria in July while in the case of Pseudomonas fluorescens was observed on the plots in October. The time of measurement had the biggest impact on the number of microorganisms. An increased number of microorganisms was observed on all plots in April. Whereas, the fertilization with sewage sludge and grass mixtures did not affect the microbiological parameters.

6

Impact of genetically modified maize on the genetic diversity of rhizosphere bacteria: a two-years study in Slovakia

Ondreičková K., Mihálik D., Ficek A., Hudcovicová M., Kraic J., Drahovská H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 1

67--76

EN

Nowadays, genetically modified plants are cultivated in many countries and it is important to consider their safety for surrounding environment. So, the environmental risk assessments of genetically modified plants are evaluated. This assessment consists of an objective evaluation of risk and involves generating; collecting and assessing of information on a GM plant with the aim to determine its impact on human or animal health and the environment relative to non-genetically modified organisms. One of the numerous methods used to investigate the impact of GM plants on the environment is the Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. This method was used for comparison of genetic variation in populations of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of genetically modified maize MON810 carrying the gene cry1Ab and genetically non-modified maize. Rhizosphere samples were collected in Slovakia during two years (2008, 2009) in July and September and 16S rRNA gene was amplified from metagenomic DNA using universal eubacterial primers. Differences in the number of terminal restriction fragments between control and GM maize hybrids were not detected. Additionally, variation within bacterial communities composition from rhizosphere of MON810 and non-GM hybrids was not observed, nevertheless negligible differences in composition of bacterial community were observed between two sampling periods (July and September). These changes were observed in non-GM as well as in GM maize hybrids and reflected effects of environment and conditions, no influence of genetic modification. The 16S rDNA clone library creation from rhizosphere sample of MON810 maize followed by DNA sequencing revealed that the Proteobacteria were major group of bacteria and Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were less represented. This study did not confirm any changes in the soil ecosystem, which would have been larger than normal variations caused by external conditions.

7

Zadrzewienia i odnowienia z użyciem preparatów mikoryzowo-bakteryjnych

Ząbkiewicz A., Myga-Nowak M., Bandurska K., Krupa P.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2013

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Vol. 16

79--83

PL

Dla roślin wprowadzanych na tereny trudno odnawialne – zalesienia porolne, stanowiska poprzemysłowe czy gleby zdegradowane, znaczącą rolę odgrywają grzyby mikoryzowe i bakterie wspomagające. Pomocne dla stanowisk pozbawionych naturalnych komponentów biotycznych są, stosowane coraz częściej, sztuczne szczepionki mikoryzowo-bakteryjne. Ich efektywność zależy w dużej mierze od gatunków, a raczej szczepu grzyba i bakterii aktywnych w procesie symbiotycznym. Znaczenie ma także pochodzenie mikroorganizmów używanych do mikoryzacji. Oporność grzybów nawet tego samego gatunku na wysokie stężenia metali ciężkich jest większa, gdy izolowane są z terenów skażonych, a efektywność w dostarczaniu wody i soli mineralnych roślinom wzrasta, gdy symbionty pochodzą ze stanowisk suchych. Efektywne zalesienie czy zadrzewienie trudnoodnawialnych stanowisk bez pomocy symbiontów jest niemożliwe.

EN

Mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhization helper bacteria play an important role for plants in the post - agricultural areas and in the degraded land which are under the influence of industrial emissions. The artificial mycorrhizal-bacteria inoculum can be helpful for areas without natural biotic components. Their effectiveness depends largely on the species, but rather a strain of fungus and bacteria, which are active in the process of symbiosis. The origin of the microorganism used in mycorrhization is also significant. Fungal resistance, even of the same species, at high concentrations of heavy metals is higher when they are isolated from contaminated areas, and the efficiency in the delivery of water and mineral salts for the plant is increased when symbionts come from dry position. Effective land rehabilitation and reforestation in the post - agricultural areas are impossible without the help of fungal and bacteria symbionts.

8

Phytoremediation of nitroglycerin in smokeless powders

Asbaghi N., Pichtel J.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2012

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Vol. 8, No. 2

45--54

EN

The reported study evaluated the feasibility of rhizosphereenhanced phytoremediation in the removal of nitroglycerin (NG), as applied in commercial smokeless powder (SP), from soil. Double base smokeless powder was applied to soil mesocosms at rates of 0, 1, 5 and 10% (w/w). The mesocosms were seeded with oats (Avena sativa) or planted with live sedge plants (Carex vulpinoidea). Composted biosolids (20% w/w) were used as a soil treatment. Mesocosms were sampled at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after initial planting. Determination of residual soil NG was performed using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Both plant species were capable of modest NG uptake (146.0 and 87.5mg·kg-1 for sedge and oat, respectively at the 10% SP rate). Only modest quantities of NG removal were accounted for by abiotic processes such as soil sorption. Soil bacterial numbers remained relatively constant regardless of rate of SP application. Microbial activity in the plant rhizosphere was concluded to be the major contributor to NG solubilization and decomposition. Addition of composted biosolids to soil imparted a positive effect in NG decomposition and/or removal from soil. Additional study is needed to determine long-term decomposition of smokeless powder and subsequent NG reactions in soil.

9

Activity of soil enzymes in rhizosphere of scots pine as a marker of the quality of wooded, formerly arable, soils

Bielińska E. J., Węgorek T.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2010

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No. 4

3-12

EN

The purpose of this paper is the assessment of the influence of rhizosphere on the enzymatic activity of formerly arable soils afforested with Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). A comparison was made between the enzyme activity of formerly arable soils under 15-year-old and 51-year-old stands, and the enzyme activity of forest soils under 4-year-old cultivation and 104-year-old stands. It has been shown that the rhizosphere in formerly arable soils has considerable influence on the increase of enzyme activity cata-lysing the most important processes of organic substance change.

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena wpływu ryzosfery na aktywność enzymatyczną gleb porolnych zalesionych sosną zwyczajną (Pinus sylvestris L.). W pracy porównywano aktywność enzymów gleb porolnych pod drzewostanami 15-letnimi oraz 51-letnimi z aktywnością enzymów gleb leśnych pod 4-letnią uprawą i pod drzewostanami 104-letnimi. Wykazano, że w glebach porolnych ryzosfera w istotny sposób wpływa na wzrost aktywności enzymów katalizujących najważniejsze procesy przemiany substancji organicznej.

10

Aktywność enzymów glebowych w ryzosferze mniszka lekarskiego jako wskaźnik stanu ekochemicznego gleb miejskich

Bielińska E. J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 52, nr 3

10-14

PL

Mniszek lekarski (Taraxacum officinale Web.) zaliczany jest do najważniejszych ziół stosowanych w biomonitoringu środowiska przyrodniczego. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu ryzosfery mniszka lekarskiego na zawartość metali ciężkich i aktywność enzymatyczną gleb z terenów miejskich o różnym oddziaływaniu antropopresji. Badania prowadzono na terenie Górnego Śląska i miast wschodniej Polski. Próbki gleby ryzosferowej i pozaryzosferowej pobierano w strefach śródmiejskich oraz na obszarach peryferyjnych miast. Zawartość metali ciężkich i aktywność enzymów wykazywała duże zróżnicowanie w glebie strefy ryzosferowej i pozaryzosferowej, jak również w poszczególnych obiektach badawczych, jednak wyraźnie zależała od intensywności presji antropogenicznej. Obserwowana stymulacja aktywności enzymatycznej gleby w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie korzeni mniszka wskazuje, że strefa ryzosferowa stanowi naturalny filtr czyszczący środowisko glebowe z zanieczyszczeń dopływających z obszarów miasta.

EN

The dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) is rated among the most important herbs used to biomonitor the natural environment. The paper was aimed at determining the impact of the dandelion's rhizosphere on the heavy metal content and the enzymatic activity of soils in urban lands with different anthropopressure impacts. The research was carried out in the Upper Silesia region and in towns of eastern Poland. Samples of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were collected in central sectors of the towns and in suburbia. The heavy metal content and the enzymatic activity showed a considerable differentiation in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils; however, they were distinctly related to the anthropogenic pressure intensity. The observed enzymatic activity stimulation of soil in the direct vicinity of the dandelion's roots indicates that the rhizosphere zone is a natural filter cleaning the soil environment from impurities infiltrating from urban areas. Changes in the soil enzyme activity in the dandelion's rhizosphere zone allow the assessment of the environmental hazards resulting from the presence of heavy metals in urban soils.

11

Rhizosphere Fungs Communities of Spring Barley Cultivated on Organic and Conventional Farms

Baturo A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2003

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Vol. 10, nr 3-4

217-225

EN

The experiment was carried out in 1997-2000 on the production fields of organic and conventional farms near Tuchola in the Kujawy and Pomorze Province in Poland. Fungus communities were isolated from spring barley rhizosphere at germination and at the beginning of dough maturity. More isolates were obtained on the conventional farm. The fungus species composition was similar on both farms, however the share of genera was different but Penicillium spp. prevailed. More Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. isolates were found on the organic farm, while Fusarium spp. was a bit more numerous on the conventional farm. Organic conditions seem to be more favourable to Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. With a growing interest in ecology, giving up applying of pesticides on organic farms and more and more common biological control, these fungi could be used in organic farming because of their antagonistic potential.

PL

Doświadczenia przeprowadzono w latach 1997-2000 na polach produkcyjnych w gospodarstwie ekologicznym i konwencjonalnym w okolicach Tucholi, w województwie Kujawsko-Pomorskim. Izolowano grzyby z ryzosfery jęczmienia jarego w fazie wschodów i początku dojrzałości woskowej. Więcej izolatów uzyskano w gospodarstwie konwencjonalnym. Skład gatunkowy grzybów był podobny w obu gospodarstwach jednak udział poszczególnych gatunków był różny. Przeważały grzyby z rodzaju Penicillium. Więcej Trichoderma spp. i Gliocladium spp. izolowano w gospodarstwie ekologicznym, a Fusarium spp. wystąpiły nieco liczniej w konwencjonalnym. Można przypuszczać, że warunki ekologiczne mogą być sprzyjające dla Trichoderma spp. i Gliocladium spp. Ze względu na wzrastające zainteresowanie ekologią, zaprzestanie stosowania pestycydów w gospodarstwach ekologicznych i coraz powszechniejszą walką biologiczną, grzyby te mogą być użyteczne w ekologicznym systemie uprawy ze względu na ich właściwości antagonistyczne w stosunku do patogenów.

12

Wpływ ryzosfery rośliny motylkowej i niemotylkowej na zmiany aktywności enzymatycznej w glebie narażonej na długotrwałe działanie substancji ropopochodnych

Małachowska-Jutsz A., Miksch K., Przystaś W.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2001

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T. 4, nr 1

117-130

PL

Zbadano wpływ ryzosfery rośliny motylkowej i niemotylkowej na zmiany aktywności enzymatycznej gleby narażonej uprzednio na długotrwale działanie substancji ropopochodnych. Podczas doświadczenia wazonowego stosowano glebę pochodzącą z terenów rafinerii, narażoną na długotrwałe działanie substancji ropopochodnych. Jako modyfikacje, mające na celu polepszenie usuwania zanieczyszczeń, wprowadzono biopreparat uzyskany z mikroorganizmów autochtonicznych badanej gleby oraz dostępny w handlu, a także roślinę jedno- i dwuliścienną. Próbki gleby z roślinami i biopreparatami wykazywały 3,5 razy wyższą aktywność dehydrogenaz niż próbka kontrolna. Najwyższy stopień usunięcia węglowodorów alifatycznych niepolarnych TPH - 47,38% oraz frakcji ciężkich 43,25% stwierdzono w próbkach gleby zawierającej rośliny i biopreparat handlowy. Wzrost aktywności amylaz i dehydrogenaz odpowiadał degradacji węglowodorów ropopochodnych (TPH), wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) i frakcji ciężkich ropy naftowej przez mikroorganizmy.

EN

The influence of two plant species (i.e. clover and grass) on the variation of enzymatic activity in soil contaminated with petroleum sludges was examined. Refinery soil polluted for a long time was modified by adding commercial biological preparation, natural biological preparation prepared from this soil as well as two plant species. Remediation of contaminated soil was evaluated basing on the removal of TPH, PAH and heavy fractions and on the changes of enzymatic activity of soil samples. During the experiment it was shown, that removal of PAH with 2 and 3 rings was higher than those with 4 to 6 rings. Samples with vegetated soil had significantly higher enzymatic activity than the unvegetated control. Activity of dehydrogenases in vegetated soil was about 3.5 times higher than in the unvegetated control. This high enzymatic activity of vegetated soil was in good correlation with removal of petroleum contamination. The highest removal of TPH and heavy fractions occured in the samples with plants and biological preparation. TPH was removed from the soil with commercial biopreparation and clover in 47.38%. In the sample of soil where grass was vegetated and also commercial biopreparation was added, the TPH removal reached 46.67%. In the unvegetated and unamendend control the reduction of TPH was 14.36% and enzymatic activity was significantly lower. Also the heavy fractions removal was at the highest level in the samples with commercial biopraparations and plants. Commercial biopraparation occured to be more effective than the natural one during the removal of PAH with 2 and 3 rings in molecule. But in bioremediation process of PAH with 4 to 6 rings in the molecule the preparation isolated from contaminated soil, was more effective than the commercial one.

13

Reakcja bakterii ryzosfery gorczycy białej (Sinapsis alba L.) na skażenie gleby związkami miedzi.

Piotrowska-Seget Z.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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1999

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Vol. 6, nr 7

623-630

PL

Celem podjętej pracy była ocena zmian liczebności wybranych grup mikroorganizmów w ryzosferze gorczycy i glebie pozakorzeniowej skażonych chlorkiem lub siarczanem miedzi w dawce 2 mg Cu lub 5 mg Cu/g gleby. Metodą Hattoriego określano stan fizjologiczny badanej populacji bakterii. Wykazano, że wprowadzone związki miedzi bardziej obniżały ogólną liczbę bakterii heterotroficznych w glebie pozakorzeniowej niż w ryzosferze. Dawka 5 mg Cu/g gleby była bardzo toksyczna dla bakterii z rodzaju Pseudomonas, w glebie pozakorzeniowej liczba tych bakterii była poniżej poziomu detekcji. Istotnie również zmniejszyła się liczba bakterii z rodzaju Arthrobacter i denitryfikatorów. W glebie pozakorzeniowej skażonej miedzią obserwowano wzrost aktywności podziałowej bakterii (parametr lambda), co może być wynikiem selekcji form opornych i ich intensywnego namnażania się.

EN

The changes in number of chosen group of microorganisms in rhizosphere of charlock and bulk soil contaminated with copper in dose 2 mg Cu/g of soil were tested. Using method by Hattori the physiological state of bacterial populations was calculed. It has been shown that copper compounds used in the study decreased the number of total heterotrophic bacteria more in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. Dose of 5 mg Cu/g of soil was very toxic for bacteria from genus Pseudomonas, in the bulk soil the number of these bacteria was below of the level of detection. The strong decrease in number of bacteria from genus Arthrobacter and denitrifiers was also observed in rhizosphere and nonrhizisphere soil. It has been found that in the bulk soil contaminated with copper the rate of colony formation (parameter lambda) was increased. This may be explained by selection of resistance bacteria and their intensive growth.