BazTech - Yadda

1

Development of model for measuring audit quality in maritime safety management

Sharma D. L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 4

781--787

EN

The effectiveness of International Safety Management (ISM) Code has been evaluated in many aspects. However, limited research has been attempted to evaluate the auditing mechanism, its quality, and links with the effectiveness of the Code. The aim of this Paper is to define the concepts of quality in auditing and thereafter propose a model for measuring audit quality in maritime safety management. The major challenge is that almost all auditing literature and research is focused on accounting and financial domain. Therefore, it was decided to utilize suitable principles and concepts about audit quality from financial domain and modify them to maritime context. As no theoretical model for Audit Quality in maritime domain is available, a model sourced from financial audits is modified for use. The framework for recontextualized modifying of borrowed theories from the disciplines outside the reference discipline, was used on Wooten (2003) model and Maritime Audit Quality Model (MAQM) has been proposed for evaluating ISM auditing mechanism.

2

Analysis of pier contact accident in busan new port of south Korea by System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)

Kim S. R., Wamugi W. J., Camliyurt G., Kim D. W., Park Y. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

299--304

EN

Marine accidents are caused by complex and diverse causes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse accidents from the perspective of the whole system rather than the existing analysis models that focus on cause-effect. The STAMP analysis is a constraint-based model that focuses on improper management or enforcement of safety-related constraints in system operation. Thus, as a case study of the application of the STAMP technique in marine accident analysis, the Milano Bridge pier contact accident that occurred on April 6, 2020 in Busan New Port of South Korea was analysed by the STAMP technique in this study. Through this study, it was proposed to break away from the domestic accident investigation, which focused only on the punishment of the ship operator, and to suggest improvements that enable organizations related to the marine accidents to take initiative to take efforts for safety.

3

Maritime situational awareness аs a key measure for safe ship operation

Melnyk Oleksiy, Bychkovsky Yuriy, Voloshyn Andrii

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 114

91--101

EN

The maritime industry is a high-risk industry, which constantly has to make decisions in a rapidly changing environment. Therefore, understanding the essence of "situational awareness" is very important for making the right decision. In this regard, it is obvious that a correct situation analysis, based on a theoretical basis, creates the proper prerequisites for making the right decision in a developing situation, and vice versa. Considering this fact, this article proposes to study the factors that influence this phenomenon, their regularities and connections. It presents the data of a survey among seafarers to determine the level of understanding of situational awareness as a predominant component of the human factor in most accidents in the maritime industry.

4

A study on the safety at sea for boat captains and motormen in region VI: modified basic safety course with typhoon awareness

Dohina A. D., Picpican S. M., Robles L. L., Toledo V., Cordero A. S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

289--293

EN

Safety of crew, passengers, cargo and vessel is the most important aspect in terms of navigation. Boat Captain’s is responsible for the safety of vessel of less than 35GRT. The primary reason while MARINA conducting the MBSTC Training with Typhoon Awareness together with the ISCOF to be sure that they are enough knowledge in terms of safety at sea. Life is a very important to all of us that’s why the boat Captain must be aware about the safety of his crew, passengers, cargo and vessel. When disaster and emergency happen onboard you must know what to do. Based on this premise, the objective of this study is to train the Boat Captain and Motormen in Medical First Aid, Advanced Fire Fighting, Personal Survival Techniques and Collision Regulations. The study employed qualitative research using purposive sampling to gather the opinions and ideas of the respondents.

5

Maritime safety in the approach of L. von Bertalanffy’s general system theory

Zięcina Marcin, Sokołowski Wojciech, Ficoń Krzysztof

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2022

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Vol. 57, no. 2

101--126

EN

The paper presents an original concept of maritime safety modeling using the tool apparatus of L. von Bertalanffy’s general systems theory. In the introduction, the methodological assumptions of the general systems theory were formulated, which was used to build a formalized model of the maritime security system, including all the basic structures of the system topology, i.e. separated components, basic relations between these elements and the specification of the system environment. Using the tool apparatus of the general systems theory by L. von Bertalanffy in the modeled Maritime Security System, the basic elements of the system approach were distinguished, i.e. the concept of a set, structural elements, system relations, external environment and system inputs and outputs. The main research thesis is that maritime security, which is a kind of open system, can be interpreted on the basis of general systems theory, which provides effective research tools for a broader look at the application side of maritime safety. The basis of this thesis is the assumption that maritime security can be interpreted as a praxeological system of action that functions in a specific holistic environment, constantly exchanging information, energy and matter with it, thanks to which the entropy (disorder) of the system remains in a certain (safe) equilibrium. Finally, a brief analysis of the controversy surrounding a universal systems approach with regard to application in the social sciences and humanities was conducted.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono autorską koncepcję modelowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego z wykorzystaniem aparatury ogólnej teorii systemów L. von Bertalanffy’ego. We wstępie sformułowano założenia metodologiczne ogólnej teorii systemów, które posłużyły do zbudowania sformalizowanego modelu systemu bezpieczeństwa morskiego, uwzględniającego wszystkie podstawowe struktury topologii systemu, tj. specyfikację środowiska systemowego. Wykorzystując aparat narzędziowy ogólnej teorii systemów L. von Bertalanffy’ego w modelowanym Systemie Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego wyróżniono podstawowe elementy podejścia systemowego, tj. pojęcie zbioru, elementy strukturalne, relacje systemowe, otoczenie zewnętrzne i wejścia systemowe oraz wyjścia. Główną tezą badawczą jest to, że bezpieczeństwo morskie, które jest swego rodzaju systemem otwartym, może być interpretowane w oparciu o ogólną teorię systemów, która dostarcza skutecznych narzędzi badawczych dla szerszego spojrzenia na aplikacyjną stronę bezpieczeństwa morskiego. Podstawą tej tezy jest założenie, iż bezpieczeństwo morskie można interpretować jako prakseologiczny system działania funkcjonujący w określonym holistycznym środowisku, stale wymieniający z nim informacje, energię i materię, dzięki czemu entropia (nieporządek) systemu pozostaje w pewnej (bezpiecznej) równowadze. Na koniec dokonano krótkiej analizy kontrowersji wokół uniwersalnego podejścia systemowego w odniesieniu do zastosowań w naukach społecznych i humanistycznych.

6

Nowe wyzwania i zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa morskiego w kontekście zadań morskiej służby poszukiwania i ratownictwa

Śmiałek Katarzyna

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

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XVI

1--27

PL

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wskazanie wyzwań i zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa morskiego obszaru Morza Bałtyckiego, dotychczas występujących oraz zagrożeń w nowych odsłonach. Zagrożenia i wyzwania w tym obszarze wywierają negatywny wpływ na środowisko morskie jak również na uprawianie żeglugi morskiej. Wynika z tego potrzeba realizacji konkretnych działań przez właściwe komponenty sił morskich. W opracowaniu wskazano zadania Morskiej Służby Poszukiwania i Ratownictwa, których istotą będzie przeciwdziałanie różnorakim zagrożeniom na morzu, poczynając od holowania awaryjnego uszkodzonych statków, asysty ratowniczej, gaszenia pożarów na statkach, zwalczania zagrożeń ole-jowych na morzu a także poszukiwania i ratownictwa rozbitków, udzielania im pomocy medycznej, pełnienia funkcji ośrodka koordynacyjnego w przypadku akcji ratowniczych oraz innych sytuacji kryzysowych na morzu.

EN

The aim of this study is to identify the challenges and threats to the maritime security of the Baltic Sea area, existing so far, and threats in new versions. The threats and challenges in this area have a negative impact on the marine environment as well as on shipping. Hence, there is a need for concrete actions to be implemented by specific components of the naval forces. The study indicates the tasks of the Maritime Search and Rescue Service, the essence of which will be to counteract various threats at sea, starting from emergency towing of damaged ships, rescue assistance, extinguishing fires on ships, fighting oil threats at sea as well as searching and rescuing survivors, providing them with medical assistance. , to act as a coordination center for rescue operations and other emergencies at sea.

7

Assessment of ship manoeuvring safety in waterway systems by relative navigational risk

Gucma Stanisław, Ślączka Wojciech, Bąk Andrzej

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 64, iss. 4

119--134

EN

The safety of vessels navigating in the sea waterway system is ensured by fulfilling the acceptable restrictions called safe ship operation conditions in that system. The assessment of navigation safety is particularly important when the conditions for safe operation of ships in the waterway system are changed concerns increasing the maximum parameters of vessels, increasing the allowable hydrometeorological conditions or changing the minimum tug assistance. The article presents a method for assessing navigation safety when the conditions for the safe operation of vessels in the waterway system get changed. The method uses two indicators, which are difference in navigation risks and relative navigation risk. To determine the navigational risk, algorithms were developed for calculating the probability of accidents caused by the deterioration of navigation conditions and technical failure of ship equipment and tugs. Another algorithm was developed for calculating the consequences of the accidents that involve blocking a waterway by a ship anchoring in an emergency, grounding, impact of the ship against a port structure or moored ship and a collision with another ship in motion. The method developed for assessing navigation safety by means of relative navigation risk can be used in practice when changing the conditions for safe operation of vessels in the waterway system and when the system is modernized. Navigational safety management is a decision process that is implemented in the loop presented in the article. The acceptable risk is determined on the basis of vessel traffic intensity and ship parameters defined by safe operation conditions for a given waterway system. Relative navigational risk may be used in assessment and comparison of various conditions of safe ship operation. The probability of an accident caused by ship's moving outside the available navigable area due to technical failures of ship equipment or tugs is determined, depending on the type of port waterway and the manoeuvres performed.

8

Selected operational limitations in the operation of passenger and cargo ships under SOLAS Convention (1974)

Stępień Julianna, Pilarska Malwina

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 65 (137)

21--26

EN

Presented are regulations concerning the operation of passenger ships (with particular emphasis on Polish ferries) designed to increase maritime safety the SOLAS Convention, established in 1974 and codified in 2002, codifies these regulations, and the International Maritime Organization mandates additional regulations, created in response to a rapidly increasing number of maritime disasters. The analyses described herein were based on restrictions established for the “Jan Śniadecki” and “Mikołaj Kopernik” ferries. Safety of ro-ro units, which also typically have a significant number of people on board, was also analyzed. Also included in the study were ship operational- limitation characteristics with respect to structure, unsinkability, and stability of machinery and electrical equipment, fire protection, operational requirements, and rescue measures and devices, along with their purpuroses. Safety management consists of taking appropriate actions to prevent or minimize the effects of an accident or a disaster and is assessed on the basis of calculations and experience gleaned from analogous cases. Safety management can proceed if a problem has been thoroughly assessed. The potential risk of negative consequences with respect to the safety of the transport process as a whole must be considered, and the safety of the whole must not be risked for that of a particular part of it. A safety management decision can be made when its necessity is not in doubt. A problem is assumed to have only one solution. The effectiveness of the previously used method should be carefully assessed before proceeding to the next method. Security management is not easy and requires much professional knowledge and experience.

9

Analysis of ship accidents based on European statistical surveys

Zalewski Paweł, Posacka Katarzyna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 68 (140)

17--25

EN

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduces, adopts, and implements new instruments, such as conventions, resolutions, and guidelines, to prevent and minimize the number and severity of accidents involving ships at sea. The results of international maritime safety requirements introduced in recent years are presented in this paper. The impact of these regulations on ship safety improvement in European marine waters was determined via an analysis of accidents over a seven-year period of 2014–2020. The analysis was based on the classification of accidents by their severity, by the type of ship involved, and by the identified causes or contributing factors. Evident, still existing “weak points” of maritime safety monitoring are emphasized, such as low reporting of incidents and superficial identification of contributing factors. It is worth noting that the technological development of marine electronic systems introduced both positive effects and novel threats to the safety of navigation. An example is an uncritical overreliance on technology and information provided via electronic means and sensors. In this context the usage of integrated, digitized bridge systems in contemporary maritime vessels and future remote control systems was stressed.

10

Bezpieczeństwo morskie państwa jako kategoria typologiczna bezpieczeństwa narodowego

Zięcina Marcin, Ficoń Krzysztof

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2021

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Vol. 54, no. 1

25--42

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie oryginalnego podejścia do problematyki modelowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego, które powszechnie jest traktowane jako jedna z wielu kategorii dominującego w teorii i praktyce bezpieczeństwa narodowego. We wstępne zarysowano elementy teorii bezpieczeństwa i podstawowe jego definicje. Podjęto także dyskusję na temat niekończącego się problemu rozłączności/ tożsamości bezpieczeństwa narodowego i bezpieczeństwa państwa. Dla bezpieczeństwa morskiego zostały wyspecyfikowane zasadnicze rodzaje zagrożeń powodujących jego destrukcję. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wielowymiarowość bezpieczeństwa morskiego i związane z tym podziały typologiczne oraz konsekwencje prawno-międzynarodowe. Nakreślono zasadnicze przesłanki, zgodnie z którymi bezpieczeństwo morskie jest uważane za pojęcie wieloznaczne, o znaczeniu ogólnoświatowym i transgranicznym. Odnosi się ono do całego środowiska morskiego, będącego kategorią wspólną dla wszystkich uczestników życia międzynarodowego. Określa ono ogólne warunki korzystania z przestrzeni i obszarów morskich przez różne podmioty krajowe, międzynarodowe, a także komercyjne, publiczne i niepubliczne – zgodnie z pewnymi zasadami przestrzegającymi uniwersum bezpieczeństwa. W zakończeniu wskazano główne podmioty i organa administracyjne kształtujące wymagane standardy bezpieczeństwa w wymiarze krajowym i międzynarodowym. Główna teza pracy orzeka, iż bezpieczeństwo morskie jako kategoria rodzajowa bezpieczeństwa narodowego w istotny sposób wpływa na wiele rodzajów bezpieczeństwa przedmiotowego, a tym samym na ogólny poziom bezpieczeństwa narodowego każdego państwa nadbrzeżnego. W dobie globalizacji bezpieczeństwo morskie tych państw, obok bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego, społecznego, gospodarczego, informacyjnego, energetycznego i wielu innych, jest jednym z kluczowych komponentów bezpieczeństwa narodowego i bezpieczeństwa państwa.

EN

The aim of the article is to present an original approach to the issue of maritime security modeling, which is commonly treated as one of the many categories dominant in the theory and practice of national security. Elements of the theory of security and its basic definitions are initially outlined. There was also a discussion on the endless problem of severability / identity of national security and state security. For the eponymous maritime security, the basic types of threats causing its destruction have been specified. Particular attention was paid to the multidimensionality of maritime security and the related typological divisions and legal and international consequences. The underlying rationale for considering maritime safety as an ambiguous concept with global and transboundary relevance has been outlined. It relates to the entire marine environment, which is a category common to all participants in international life. It defines the general conditions for the use of sea space and areas by various national, international, commercial, public and non-public entities – in accordance with certain rules respecting the security universe. The conclusion indicates the main entities and administrative bodies shaping the required safety standards in the national and international dimension. The main thesis of the work states that maritime security, as a generic category of national security, has a significant impact on many types of subject security, and thus on the general level of national security of each coastal state. In the era of globalization, the maritime security of these countries, along with economic, social, economic, information, energy and many other securities, is one of the key components of national security and state security.

11

Maritime safety culture as a condition for sustainable shipping

Pyć Dorota

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2020

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nr 61 (133)

55--61

EN

This paper addresses the importance of the development of maritime safety culture, in terms of sustainable shipping through continuous improvement of the safety management system (SMS) that enables a shipping company’s personnel to effectively implement the company’s safety and environmental policy. The main aim of the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety Management Code – ISM Code), which was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and became mandatory, by virtue of its entry into force on the 1st of July 1998, in SOLAS Chapter IX on the Management for Safe Operation of Ships, is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships as well as pollution prevention. Thus, compliance with the ISM Code and its effective enforcement is necessary to ensure adequate standards of safety and pollution prevention. The purpose of this paper is to show that the internationally unified legal measures that have been developed under the IMO in the ISM Code are an instrumental consequence of maritime safety values, and allow them to be achieved in practice. The result of this research is the justification of the thesis concerning the need to create a safety culture as a condition for sustainable shipping, including the safe operation of ships in the environment.

12

A review of human error in marine engine maintenance

Islam R., Anantharaman M., Khan F., Garaniya V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

43--47

EN

Maritime safety involves minimizing error in all aspects of the marine system. Human error has received much importance, being responsible for about 80% of the maritime accident worldwide. Currently, more attention has been focused to reduce human error in marine engine maintenance. On-board marine engine maintenance activities are often complex, where seafarers conduct maintenance activities in various marine environmental (i.e. extreme weather, ship motions, noise, and vibration) and operational (i.e. work overload and stress) conditions. These environmental and operational conditions, in combination with generic human error tendencies, results in innumerable forms of error. There are numerous accidents that happened due to the human error during the maintenance activities of a marine engine. The most severe human error results in accidents due to is a loss of life. Moreover, there are other consequences too such as delaying the productivity of marine operations which results in the financial loss. This study reviews methods that are currently available for identifying, reporting and managing human error in marine engine maintenance. As a basis for this discussion, authors provide an overview of approaches for investigating human error, and a description of marine engine maintenance activities and environmental and operational characteristics.

13

Marine accidents as potential crisis situations on the Baltic Sea

Szubrycht Tomasz

Archives of Transport

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2020

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

125--135

EN

People responsible for crisis management, especially in coastal voivodships (Pomeranian, West Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship) must be aware and prepared to take effective action in the event of emergencies in maritime waters. The geographical, hydro meteorological conditions and geographical conditions of the Baltic Sea of the Baltic Sea and the increasing intensity of Baltic shipping, and in particular the increase in oil transport, mean that the likelihood of maritime accidents that can generate crises in sea areas increases significantly. There are about 2000 ships in the Baltic marine area at any given moment and about 3500 - 5500 ships navigate through the Baltic Sea per month. Approximately 20% of the ships in the Baltic Sea are tankers. Despite different uncertainties some trends in the Baltic shipping can be expected. For example ship traffic is likely to increase yearly and it is expected that vessel size will increase because the maritime transport must be more efficient and cost-saving. Such trends create serious threats for Baltic States. The maritime administrations of the Baltic States and international maritime organizations undertake a number of actions to increase maritime safety in the Baltic Sea. The publication characterizes Baltic shipping and analyzes the scale of threats generated by maritime accidents, as well as ways of responding and minimizing the probability of emergencies in the Baltic Sea. Activities including: legislative and organizational activity were also characterized; practical use of modern technology both on vessels and in land navigation monitoring systems; marine traffic engineering and shipbuilding, which aim is to minimize the likelihood of maritime accidents in the Baltic Sea and analyses of Baltic states capacity to oil spill response. In addition, the publication proposes a definition of a crisis situation in relation to sea areas and presents when a maritime accident or incident can generate a crisis situation in sea areas. The result of the research process is proposals for actions that, in the author's opinion, should be taken to reduce the number of maritime accidents in the Baltic Sea.

14

Ship recognition and tracking system for intelligent ship based on deep learning framework

Liu B., Wang S. Z., Xie Z. X., Zhao J. S., Li M. F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

699--705

EN

Automatically recognizing and tracking dynamic targets on the sea is an important task for intelligent navigation, which is the prerequisite and foundation of the realization of autonomous ships. Nowadays, the radar is a typical perception system which is used to detect targets, but the radar echo cannot depict the target’s shape and appearance, which affects the decision-making ability of the ship collision avoidance. Therefore, visual perception system based on camera video is very useful for further supporting the autonomous ship navigational system. However, ship’s recognition and tracking has been a challenge task in the navigational application field due to the long distance detection and the ship itself motion. An effective and stable approach is required to resolve this problem. In this paper, a novel ship recognition and tracking system is proposed by using the deep learning framework. In this framework, the deep residual network and cross-layer jump connection policy are employed to extract the advanced ship features which help enhance the classification accuracy, thus improves the performance of the object recognition. Experimentally, the superiority of the proposed ship recognition and tracking system was confirmed by comparing it with state of-the-art algorithms on a large number of ship video datasets.

15

Overview of definitions of maritime safety, safety at sea, navigational safety and safety in general

Formela K., Weintrit A., Neumann T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

285--290

EN

Safety, along with the issue of security, is the most substantial and critical issue to any society and nation of the mankind. The fact that human elements contribute dominantly, in particular, to the transportation – marine, air and road traffic – accidents requires not only the technical approaches, but also cultural configuration inherent to the accidents. This paper tries to incorporate Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture to identify possible interaction with accidents. It will be of help to figure out the need to consider the aspect of national culture to be efficient in dealing with policies for safer communities and nations.

16

Potencjał instytucjonalny i prawny UE w procesie kształtowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego

Usewicz Teresa

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2019

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R. XIII

1--26

PL

Artykuł dotyczy potencjału instytucjonalnego i prawnego, którym dysponuje Unia Europejska w zakresie budowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego. Autorka poddała analizie dotychczasowe osiągnięcia UE w tym obszarze, stawiając pytania: w jaki sposób i za pomocą jakich narzędzi prawnych i instytucjonalnych UE stara się wpływać na proces kształtowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego, zarówno w wymiarze regionalnym, jak również globalnym?

EN

The article is related with the institutional and legal potential which the European Union has in the field of building maritime safety. The author analyzed the EU's achievements to date in this area, asking the questions: how and with what legal and institutional tools does the EU try to influence the process of shaping maritime security, both on its territory and globally?

17

Safety trends in the oil tanker industry

Vidmar P., Perkovič M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2018

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nr 54 (126)

44--53

EN

The paper presents the overall risk management state for the crude oil tanker fleet, evidenced by EMSA and other international marine organisations. Based on historical statistical data related to fleet size, accident reports, amount of oil spilled on the sea and the economic value of the crude oil transport business, the risk acceptance criteria are evaluated. The Formal Safety Assessment is further used for a systematic assessment of risk, where potential hazards are analysed with structured methods (HAZID) and represented in event trees. The paper studies three risks: PLL (potential loss of lives), PLC (potential loss of containment) and PLP (potential loss of property). A general approach is presented and discussed with a particular focus on the evolution of risk acceptance in recent decades and evaluations of risk F-N curves for different tanker sizes.

18

Port zewnętrzny Gdynia - wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa morskiego

Miętkiewicz R.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2018

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nr 12

778--788, CD

PL

Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie poglądów autora na kwestie związane z potencjalnym wykorzystaniem bezzałogowych jednostek nawodnych do zabezpieczenia funkcjonowania portu zewnętrznego w Gdyni przed zagrożeniami z kierunku morskiego. Rozwój portu związany jest z budową nowych terminali bezpośrednio wysuniętych w kierunku otwartego morza. Artykuł przedstawia potencjalne zastosowania bardzo dynamicznie rozwijających się technologii systemów bezzałogowych (powietrznych, nawodnych i podwodnych) operujących w środowisku morskim.

EN

The main objective of this paper is to present the authors opinions about possible applications of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) for the off-shore harbor in Gdynia protection. The development of Gdynia harbor is connected mainly with new terminals building on open water zone. The article presents the potential areas of applications of unmanned systems (air, surface, sub surface) use in maritime domain.

19

Współczesne wymiary bezpieczeństwa zwalczania zagrożeń i zanieczyszczeń w portach morskich

Chmieliński M.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2018

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R. 19, nr 6

73--77, CD

PL

W artykule omówione zostały wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące współczesnych wymiarów bezpieczeństwa w aspekcie zwalczania zagrożeń i zanieczyszczeń w portach morskich. Analizując problematykę współczesnego wymiaru bezpieczeństwa na akwenach morskich, dokonano wyjaśnienia pojęcia bezpieczeństwa morskiego. Potencjalnymi źródłami zagrożeń i zanieczyszczeń wód portowych są wyloty kanalizacyjne odprowadzające ścieki sanitarne, przemysłowe i opadowe, procesy przeładunkowe prowadzone na nabrzeżach, prace budowlane, remontowe lub konserwacyjne, eksploatacja statków, odbiór odpadów ze statków.

EN

The article discusses selected issues regarding contemporary security dimensions in the aspect of combating threats and pollution in seaports. Analyzing the problems of the modern dimension of safety on sea areas, the concept of maritime safety was clarified. Potential sources of hazards and pollution of port waters are sewage outlets discharging sanitary, industrial and rain-water sewage, transhipment processes carried out on quays, construction, renovation or maintenance works, operation of ships, collection of waste from ships.

20

Legal aspects of investigating marine accidents in Poland

Szymankiewicz D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2017

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nr 51 (123)

50--56

EN

Implementation of ERIKA III, the third package of EU legislation intended to integrate international standards of marine accident investigation, has significantly changed the way Polish public authorities investigate marine accidents. Until the implementation, maritime chambers conducted the investigation of marine accidents. Since October 2012 there has been a dual system in place whereby public authorities are entitled to investigate marine accidents in Poland. This article reviews distinctive features of both approaches and the impact thereof on the system of investigating marine accidents. Beside a theoretical description of the legal basis for the functioning of both maritime chambers and the State Marine Accident Investigation Commission, this paper includes analytic data of investigations conducted by both these bodies in order to prove that the number of investigations conducted by maritime chambers has drastically decreased since the establishment of the State Commission, and that the number of investigations conducted by the State Commission itself cannot be sufficient, leading to a decrease of safety in maritime navigation.