BazTech - Yadda

1

Time-Line Based Aerial Analysis for Impact of Rampant Urbanization on Lakes of Bengaluru (India)

Gopinath Rajesh, Cu Akarsh, Me Muralidhar

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 1

1--18

EN

Urbanization is introducing drastic transitions in the natural landscapes such as open areas, green spaces and water bodies of each and every city. The present study undertakes time line aerial analysis for 2 decades from 2000 to 2019 to comprehend the effect of urbanization upon the Lakes of Bengaluru. Once famed as the city of 1000 Lakes; its wetlands now pose serious concern in terms of quantity, quality, aesthetics, epidemics and as life support system for native aquatic species. The outcome for the research was arrived at by analyzing the reduction of physical/geographical area of forty-two prominent Lakes by analyzing Satellite imageries, with inferential observations and deductions. Bellandur and Varthur Lakes rank among the most critically effected, having lost 9,87,411 sq.m. & 619416 sq.m. and 1,33,205 sq.m. and 4,19,310 sq.m. owing to scrupulous encroachment & eutrophication respectively.

2

Środowiskowe uwarunkowania skutków odkrywkowej eksploatacji węgla brunatnego na Pojezierzu Gnieźnieńskim

Przybyłek Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, Nr 8

645--654

EN

The paper focuses on the problem of water draining from brown coal pits, which has occurred since the 1950s in the Gniezno Lakeland in the western part of central Poland. Threats to hydrogeological systems and related lake systems under conditions of mining-induced drainage near the lakes located in the Powidz Landscape Park (PLP) are indicated. The lowering of water level in the PLP lakes exceeds 5 m, as compared to the pre-mining-induced drainage state. Such a rapid change may cause ecological disaster for these deep-water, healthy lake ecosystems with abundant submerged macrophyte (Charophyte) habitats (Natura 2000 protected area). Considering the regional context, the causes of hydrodynamic pressure leading to degradation of Lake Wilczyńskie and neighbouring, hydrologically connected lakes, are presented. The proposed mitigation actions for improving the ecological state of these lakes are presented in the contexts of (1) water balance assessment, (2) hydrotechnical issues related to the redistribution of water from the Slesiňski Canal (the Warta River - Lake Goplo) through water pipeline transmission, and (3) the accelerating groundwater reclamation of the Jóźwin IIB open mine pit area.

3

Diversity and ecological characteristic of algae and cyanobacteria of thermokarst lakes in Yakutia (northeastern Russia)

Kopyrina Liubov, Pshennikova Elena, Barinova Sophia

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2020

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Vol. 49, No. 2

99--122

EN

KopyrinaA total of 437 species (453 with infraspecific taxa) of algae and Cyanobacteria were identified in 2034 samples collected during the first research on nine thermokarst lakes in Yakutia carried out in 1986–1994 and 2001–2015. The richest algal flora was determined in Lake Aalah, represented by 241 taxa. Bacillariophyta species dominated in four lakes, whereas Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria dominated in the others. The algal bioindication demonstrated preferences for benthic and plankticbenthic life, temperate temperature, low alkalinity, waters with moderate oxygenation, low to medium enrichment with chloride, low organic pollution, and mesotrophic state. Comparative floristic, CANOCO and JASP statistical methods divided the species and environmental variables into groups of lakes related to landscape terraces. Local landscape positions and high summer water temperatures may play a major role in the formation of algal flora. The index of algae taxa per area stabilized at about 70 species per km2. The highest polymorphism of algae floras, defined by the Subspecies/Species Index, was determined for the lakes of the Tungulunskaya terrace: Lake Ynakh, Lake Nal Tungulu and Lake Tungulu (1.041–1.058), and the average total flora was 1.036. Our results can help in monitoring and protecting the ecosystems of thermokarst lakes in Yakutia in the harsh climate environment of Northeastern Eurasia.

4

Wypłyń na głębię

Królikowski Jerzy

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2019

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nr 6

20--23

5

The Reconstruction of the Bathymetry of The Non-Existent Krokowo Lake

Ptak M.

Quarterly of Environmental Engineering and Design

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2018

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Vol. 171 (51)

36--42

EN

The intensive drainage works conducted a few centuries ago in Poland contributed to a significant depletion of the hydrographic network. Currently, there are more and more frequent problems with water stress and the introduction of a programme aiming at the retention development, i.e. through the construction of artificial reservoirs or damming up natural lakes. The paper presents the reconstruction of the morphometry of the non-existent Krokowo lake. It was found that the reservoir with the surface area of 58 ha and volume of 2.6 million m3 disappeared as a result of the anthropogenic impact. In the light of an increase in the retention possibilities in Poland, the restoration of natural lakes to their original condition seems to be an interesting approach. Renaturalisation of these environmental elements in the context of the balance components' improvement seems to be more justified that the creation of new (artificial) components.

6

Application of a morphological classification of shore features in assessing recreational resources at the lakeshore, as exemplified by Lake Głębokie in Szczecin (Poland)

Łabuz Tomasz

Geography and Tourism

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2018

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Vol. 6, No. 2

71--86

EN

Source literature emphasizes the importance of lakes in the development of tourism-related functions of a given area. These functions are both connected with the lake itself, and with adjacent areas, based on the proximity of the water (Smith, 2003; Choiński and Borkowski, 2008; Duda-Gromada and Potocka, 2010). From the perspective of recreation, access to the lake is an important factor determining the presence of people on its shore. Accessibility of the shore should be understood as free access, with the option to rest, engage in recreation and bathe. This article presents a proposal for a natural and anthropogenic classification of lakeshores. It was employed in assessing the resources and recreational use of Lake Głębokie near Szczecin. The features and parameters of the lakeshore were assessed on the basis of a field survey and the applied valorization procedure. The analysis presented here was based on studies conducted in 2012 and 2017.

7

An investigation of water level fluctuations in Polish lakes in various phases of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation

Wrzesiński D., Ptak M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 2

151--163

EN

The North Atlantic Oscillation is a macroscale type of circulation determining climate and hydrological conditions in Europe. The paper presents water level fluctuations in 19 Polish lakes in various phases of NAO of the winter season in the years 1976-2010. Correlations of the winter NAO index with monthly, seasonal, maximum, and minimum water stages, and annual water level amplitudes in lakes were calculated. Approximately 20% of the performed tests showed statistical significance. Lakes were recorded where the correlations were significant in a major part of the year, as well as lakes showing no significant correlations in any month. Deviations of mean water stages in the positive and negative phase of NAO from mean water stages were calculated for each of the lakes. This permitted classifying the lakes into two groups by Ward’s method based on deviations of water stages in the positive and negative phase of NAODJFM from average values. This resulted in the designation of 4 and 5 typological classes of lakes, respectively. Deviations of water stages in lakes in various phases of NAODJFM from mean values were determined to even exceed 20 cm. The study results can find practical applications in reference to water retention. In view of the observed environmental changes, it is possible that the hydrotechnical infrastructure on lakes will have to be developed in the future. Such a situation will permit the precise control of water level fluctuations for the purpose of the optimal adaptation of lakes for economic purposes.

8

Dynamics of the daily course of water temperature in Polish lakes

Skowron R., Piasecki A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2016

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no. 31

149--156

EN

The study focuses on short-term changes in surface water temperature in Polish lakes, and is based upon the experimental measurements of water temperature conducted every 60 minutes during the years 1971–2015. 19 lakes were selected on the grounds of their morphometric properties. The examinations were carried out in the system of expeditionary measurements (up to 8 days) and stationary measurements (over 2 months), and included temperature of surface water and its vertical distribution. The analysis of the results showed that temperature differences of water (daily amplitudes) were observed in both time and spatial distribution. The biggest differences in water temperature occurred during spring warming, and often reached 4–5°C, while rarely exceed 2°C in the remaining periods of the yearly cycle. The mean day value occurs twice; in the morning between 8:00 (7:00 GMT) and 11:00 (10:00 GMT), and in the evening at 20:00 (19:00 GMT) and 22:00 (21:00 GMT). Daily changes in the vertical distribution of water temperature are clearly visible down to the depth of 2.5–3.5 m, whereas are just perceptible to the depth of 5.5–7.0 m.

PL

Praca dotyczy krótkotrwałych zmian temperatury wody powierzchniowej w jeziorach w Polsce. Została ona opracowana na podstawie eksperymentalnych pomiarów temperatury wody prowadzonych co 60 minut w latach 1971–2015 w 19 jeziorach wytypowanych na podstawie cech morfometrycznych. Badania prowadzono w systemie pomiarów ekspedycyjnych (do 8 dni) i stacjonarnych (ponad 2 miesiące) i obejmowały temperaturę powierzchniową wody oraz jej pionowy rozkład. Na podstawie analizy wyników stwierdzono różnice temperatury wody (amplitudy dobowe) zarówno w rozkładzie czasowym, jak i przestrzennym. Największe różnice temperatury wody występowały w okresie wiosennego nagrzewania i często osiągały 4–5°C, natomiast w pozostałych okresach cyklu rocznego rzadko przekraczały 2°C. Na podstawie cogodzinnych pomiarów temperatury wody można stwierdzić, że temperatura przed południem między godziną 8:00 a 11:00 (7:00 a 10:00 GMT) oraz późnym wieczorem w godzinach 20:00–22:00 (19:00–21:00 GMT) była najbardziej zbliżona do średniej dobowej. Zmiany dobowe w rozkładzie pionowym temperatury wody wyraźnie zaznaczają się do głębokości 2,5–3,5 m, natomiast dostrzegane są do głębokości 5,5–7,0 m.

9

Changes of Hydrographic Network of Uściwierskie Lowering According to Cartografic Materials

Grzywna A., Nieścioruk K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

148--153

EN

The paper analyses a hydrographic network and its changes in the area of Uściwierskie Lowering in last 180 years. The Uściwierskie Lowering was originally the second largest closed drainage depression in Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland, with an area of 45.83 km2. The increasing anthropopression mainly by melioration works led to significant changes. The authors use early and modern maps to analyse the quantitative aspect of these changes. The technical issues of georeferencing maps in the Geographic Information System (GIS) software are addressed first. In case of some maps, georectification happened to be problematic. 19th century topographic maps (as the Quartermaster map) were of much lower geometric quality compared to early 20th century and modern maps. Also the poor settlement in the area resulted in lack of ground control points useful in case of georectification. Using such data can, however, be justified by the fact that little is known about changes in the hydrographic network of the region during the 19th century, while the period of last 50–100 years is examined with more details. The results show the numeric values illustrating quantitative changes in the area. They are also a step forward towards understanding the degree of anthropogenic transformation of a drainage network. It is vital as these changes influence the whole ecosystem – lowering the water level shapes habitats and change the landscape.

10

Removal of nitrates from wastewater using pond bottom soil

Erbanová E., Palarčík J., Slezák M., Mikulášek P.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, nr 2

145—154

EN

The possibility of the final treatment of mine water from chemical leaching has been investigated. Despite water purification, high nitrate levels remain in these waters and must be removed. The main requirements are the lowest economic, operating and staffing levels. These requirements are best achieved by the removal of nitrates using biological methods, in our case using the pond bottom soil. Experiments were carried out in a batch mode. The effect of the environment on the denitrification process, the influence of the type and amount of the organic substrate and basic parameters of the denitrification such as redox potential, pH and dissolved oxygen were studied.

11

Variability of Oxygen-Thermal Conditions in Selected Lakes in Poland

Ptak M., Nowak B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 4

639--650

EN

Dissolved oxygen in water (DO) is one of the primary parameters determining its quality. It remains in close relation to water temperature. The article presents results of DO and water temperature measurements performed for five stratified lakes in Poland in the years 2007-2014. The measurements were performed with monthly frequency in the summer half-year (May-October) in the deepest place of each of the lakes. The compared data show the complex character of the course of both of the parameters. The analysis of depth profiles revealed the prevalence of a decreasing tendency, or no tendency was recorded - both in the case of DO and water temperature. Due to the incoherent character of the water in the case of stratified lakes, a more detailed comparison was performed, referring to changes occurring in zones developed during summer stratification. It was determined that the temperature of the epilimnion was directly dependent on air temperature, and in all cases it showed an increasing tendency. Simultaneously, along with an increase in temperature, in the majority of cases, DO concentration in the zone decreased. In reference to the waters of the hypolimnion, increasing, decreasing, and no tendencies were recorded. The above distribution is determined by individual factors of the lakes - morphometry, trophic status, groundwater alimentation, etc. Several years of measurements of DO and water temperature in depth profiles of several lakes in Poland constitute valuable information on the current transformations of the environment of this part of Europe. In the future, the information can provide the basis for long-term analyses over the next decades, enriching global knowledge on those parameters of key importance for water ecosystems.

12

Dependence between the content of copper and the content of major elements in sediments of Polish lakes

Bojakowska I., Bureć-Drewniak W., Wiłkomirski B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2016

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Vol. 23, nr 1

21--31

EN

In 416 sediment samples taken from the deepest waters of 260 lakes located within the following Lake Districts: Greater Poland, Pomeranian and Masurian, the content of Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, K, Na, P and S was determined by the ICP-OES method and the content of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was determined by the coulometric titration method. The analyses revealed that in the majority of tested samples, the Cu content did not exceed 50 mg/kg and that the geometric mean of the copper content is 13 mg/kg, and thus it is much higher than the geochemical background for aquatic sediments in Poland. The high dependence determined between the Cu content in sediments and the concentration of Al, K, Mg, S and TOC and a weaker correlation between the Cu concentration and the content of P and Fe indicate that copper in sediments is primarily related to the organic matter and clay minerals and, to a lesser extent, to phosphates and iron compounds. The variation in the copper content in sediments of different Lake Districts and also the variation in the present correlations were observed.

PL

W 416 próbkach osadów pobranych z głęboczków 260 jezior Pojezierzy: Wielkopolskiego, Pomorskiego i Mazurskiego oznaczano zawartość Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, K, Na, P i S metodą ICP-OES oraz zawartość węgla organicznego (TOC) metodą kulometrycznego miareczkowania. Analizy wykazały, że w większości zbadanych próbek zawartość Cu nie przekraczała 50 mg/kg, a średnia geometryczna zawartość miedzi wynosi 13 m/kg i jest znacznie wyższa od tła geochemicznego dla osadów wodnych Polski. Stwierdzona wysoka zależność między zawartością Cu w osadach a stężeniem Al, K, Mg, S i węgla organicznego oraz słabsza korelacja między stężeniem Cu a zawartością P i Fe wskazuje, że miedź w osadach związana jest przede wszystkim z materią organiczną oraz minerałami ilastymi, a w mniejszym stopniu z fosforanami i związkami żelaza. Zaobserwowano zróżnicowanie w zawartości miedzi w osadach różnych pojezierzy, a także zróżnicowanie w występujących korelacjach.

13

Wpływ antropopresji na zmienność stanów wody jeziora Wierzchowo w latach 1976-2009

Ptak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2015

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nr 159 (39)

5--14

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wahania stanów wody jeziora Wierzchowo. Głównym elementem decydującym o ich przebiegu była zabudowa hydrotechniczna. Odstąpienie od podpiętrzania tego jeziora znacznie zmieniło uwarunkowania związane z przebiegiem poziomu wody. W świetle realizowanego programu mającego na celu zwiększyć zasoby wodne Polski, powyższą sytuację można uznać jako wyjątkową.

EN

The paper presents water level fluctuations in lake Wierzchowo. Hydraulic engineering structures were the main element determining their course. Withdrawal from the damming of this lake significantly changed the circumstances related to water level fluctuations. In the light of the implemented program, designed to increase the Polish water resources, this situation can be regarded as exceptional.

14

Zlodzenie wybranych jezior w krainie wielkich jezior mazurskich w latach 2006–2010

Wira J., Ptak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2015

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Nr 12

38--47

PL

W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę warunków zlodzenia jeziora Jagodne, Śniardwy i Roś w latach 2006–2010. W oparciu o obserwacje prowadzone przez Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej stwierdzono, że parametry zlodzenia (termin początku i końca zjawisk lodowych, termin początku i końca pokrywy lodowej, grubość pokrywy lodowej) tych jezior są mało zróżnicowane względem siebie. Jest to wynikiem bliskiej ich lokalizacji a w związku z tym takich samych panujących warunków klimatycznych. Pewnym odstępstwem jest wcześniejsza pojawianie się zjawisk lodowych na jeziorze Śniardwy w stosunku do dwóch pozostałych jezior, co należy wiązać z morfometrią tego akwenu (mniejsza głębokość średnia), która decyduje o wcześniejszym wychładzaniu mas wody i pojawianiu się w niej lodu.

EN

The work presents the characteristics of the ice cover conditions of Lake Jagodne, Lake Śniardwy and Lake Roś in the years 2006–2010. On the basis of observations conducted by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management it was ascertained that ice cover parameters (the beginning and end of ice phenomena, the beginning and end of ice cap formation, the thickness of the ice cap) of these lakes do not differ much in relation to one another. This results from the fact that the lakes are close to one another so the climate conditions are also the same. The only difference is the earlier time of the ice cap formation on Lake Śniardwy, which is due to the lake morphometry ( its smaller average depth) which determines earlier water cooling and, consequently, earlier appearance of ice.

15

Woda czynnikiem życia każdego organizmu

Małecka I., Staszewski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2015

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Nr 13

101-107

PL

Woda jest jednym z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych związków chemicznych na Ziemi a zarazem decyduje o życiu organizmów w tym i człowieka. Dzięki właściwości występowania w warunkach przyrodniczych (naturalnych) w trzech stanach skupienia (ciekłym, gazowym i stałym) woda podlega stałemu krążeniu (cykl hydrologiczny). W warunkach małych zasobów wodnych Polski (na jednego mieszkańca przypada zaledwie 4,8 dm3 * d-1) nadrzędnym zadaniem gospodarki jest racjonalne użytkowanie zasobów wodnych. Ziemia jest planetą oceaniczną. Zasoby wodne świata są stosunkowo bardzo duże – 1.386 mld km3 wody. Polska pod względem wielkości rocznego opadu atmosferycznego znajduje się w pobliżu końca listy krajów Europy. W Polsce, w bilansie wodnym kraju istotną rolę odgrywają jeziora. Ogólna powierzchnia jezior wynosi ok. 318 tyś. ha., natomiast łączna pojemność zbiorników retencyjnych w Polsce wynosi około 3200 hm3.

EN

Water is one of the most common chemical substances on Earth and one which is crucial in sustaining life of any organism , including humans. Owing to its existence in nature in three physical states ( liquid, gaseous and solid) water is in constant circulation ( hydrologic cycle). Because Poland has limited water resources ( only 4.8 dm3* d-1 per one inhabitant) it is of primary importance for Polish economy to use water sensibly. Earth is a planet of oceans. The water resources of the world are huge and make 1386 billion km3 . As far as the volume of its annual precipitation is concerned , Poland occupies one of the final positions on the list of European countries. In Poland lakes play an important role in the country's water balance. On the whole, the area taken by lakes is 318 thousand ha, while the overall volume of water in retention reservoirs is approximately 3200 hm3.

16

Charakterystyka stanów wody jeziora Ciemino

Małecki Z.J., Ptak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2015

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Nr 13

7-12

PL

W pracy przeanalizowano zmienność stanów wody jeziora Ciemino w latach 1980-1994. W oparciu o codzienne obserwacje prowadzone przez IMGW określono stany ekstremalne (maksymalne i minimalne), średnie roczne i średnie miesięczne. Maksymalny odnotowany stan wody wyniósł 212cm, minimalny 130, różnica między nimi to 82cm. Średni stan wody w analizowanym okresie to 160cm. Amplituda średnich rocznych stanów wody to zaledwie 30cm. Stany wody w układzie rocznym najwyższe wartości osiągają w kwietniu (średnia z wielolecia tego miesiąca wynosi 172cm) a najniższe w październiku (148cm). Wiosenne maksimum należy wiązać z okresem roztopów zimowych, po których następuje sukcesywne sczerpywanie zasobów wodnych w zlewni a ich minimum przypada na jesień. Ponadto ustalono tendencje zmian poziomu wody w analizowanym wieloleciu, która wykazuje przebieg malejący. Podobną tendencję wykazują opady. Funkcjonowanie tego jeziora z uwagi na jego cechy (jezioro odpływowe, stosunkowo niewielka zlewnia, znaczny udział terenów leśnych, brak większych elementów osadniczych, przemysłu, itd.) uzależnione jest głównie od czynników naturalnych- w przypadku stanów wód od opadów.

EN

The work analyses the variability of the water level of Lake Ciemino in the period between 1980 and 1994. On the basis of daily observations conducted by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management there have been established the extreme levels (maximal and minimal),and average yearly and monthly levels. The maximum water level record was 212cm, the minimal was 13cm , and the difference between them was 82 cm. The average water level in that period was 160 cm. The average yearly amplitude of water level is only 30 cm. Throughout the year the highest water level is in April ( the average water level in April in the years 1980 -1994 is 172 cm) and the lowest is in October (148cm). The maximum water level in spring must be related to winter thaw, after which there is a gradual water decrease in the basin , while the minimal water level is in autumn. Additionally, it has been shown that there is a tendency of the water level to get lower and lower in the time period analysed. A similar tendency can be observed as far as precipitation is concerned. Because of the charateristics of Lake Ciemino ( its open character, a relatively small drainage basin, a considerable area of forest, no big settlements or industry) its functioning mainly depends on natural factors, with the water level depending on precipitation.

17

Ocena stanu osadów dennych wybranych jezior powiatu poznańskiego

Karwacka A., Niedzielski P., Staniszewski R.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1684--1698

EN

Lakes, which led to environmental receiver plants, are under ever-increasing pressure from human and are the best object of study to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on the state of eutrophication. In this assessment beyond the biological and physico-chemical conditions of the lake ecosystem, an important role is played by the impact of bottom sediments in these waters, which only allow to fully determine the level of anthropogenic pressure on the body of water. It is in the bottom sediments are accumulated pollution of the lake. Under favorable conditions in sediments accumulated dirt can again be released into the depths, acting potential source of danger for the whole ecosystem. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the susceptibility of selected lakes Powiat Poznański degradation and to assess the quality of these reservoirs bottom sediments.

18

Protection of water quality in the lake situated on the agricultural area

Mioduszewski W.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2015

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no. 26

65--71

EN

According to the Nitrate Directive it is necessary to established a protective belt (ecotones) around lakes. Inside these belts, it is forbidden to use fertilize for agricultural purposes. It is believed that it is the most imported measure to protect water quality in the lake. The analysis were conducted to estimate the sources of nitrogen entering the waters of the lake. Some analysis were conducted to estimate the sources of nitrogen entering waters of the lake. It was proved that the biggest load (more than 80%) of contamination is entering the lake with water flowing in streams and ditches. Only 10% of the chemicals are entering the lake with the groundwater filtrating to the lake. It is very important to use a proper methods of agriculture with proper methods of fertilization in the whole area of river basin flowing to the lakes.

PL

Zgodnie z dyrektywą azotanową wzdłuż cieków i wokół zbiorników wodnych, w tym jezior, powinny być tworzone strefy ochronne ograniczające dopływ azotanów do wód otwartych. W granicach tych stref zakazuje się prowadzenia intensywnych upraw, w tym nawożenia zarówno nawozami organicznymi, jak i mineralnymi. Uważa się, że tego typu działania znacznie ograniczą ładunek azotanów wprowadzanych do wody. Wykonane zostały analizy w celu oceny źródeł zanieczyszczeń doprowadzanych do konkretnego jeziora. Jezioro ma stosunkowo niewielką zlewnię (48 km2), a większość terenu jest użytkowana rolniczo. Istniejące tu mokradła zostały odwodnione gęstą siecią rowów, a duża część mineralnych gruntów ornych jest zdrenowana. Największy dopływ zanieczyszczeń następuje poprzez liczne, niewielkie cieki i rowy odwadniające. Ocenia się, że ponad 80% azotanów dopływa do jeziora tą drogą. Natomiast zasilanie zbiornika wodami filtracyjnymi wzdłuż linii brzegowej zbiornika jest stosunkowo niewielkie. Wynika stąd wniosek, że ochrona jezior to nie tylko ochrona terenów przyległych. Na jakość wody w jeziorze wywiera wpływ cała zlewnia. W pracy zaproponowano różne rozwiązania mające na celu ograniczenie dopływu zanieczyszczeń do jeziora. Są to małe zbiorniki, piętrzenia na rowach, rozprowadzenie wody po powierzchni trawiastej. Powodują one spowolnienie dopływu wody do jeziora.

19

Upgrading the effluent quality of an aerated lagoon with horizontal roughing filtration

Nabizadeh R., Naddafi K., Khazaei M., Fard R. F., Izanloo H., Yavari Z.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 3

121--136

EN

Removal of suspended solids and microorganisms from an aerated lagoon effluent with a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) was investigated. The aerated lagoon receives Qom municipal wastewater. The HRF was operated at three filtration rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m3/(m2·h) during four month operation period. The measured values of turbidity, TSS, COD, pH, temperature and flow rate of HRF at the former filtration rate were 79±12 NTU, 100±11 mg/dm3, 190±12 mg/dm3, 7±0.1 °C, 17±8 °C and 0.82 dm3/min, respectively. The differences between inlet and outlet values of pH and temperature were not significant (P > 0.05). Measures turbidity, TSS and COD in HRF final effluent were 15±13.7 NTU, 37±295 mg/dm3, 64±39.7 mg/dm3, respectively, which corresponds to 81.1%, 63% and 66.3% removal efficiencies, respectively. A decrease of removal efficiency was observed upon increasing filtration rates. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the head-loss and removal efficiencies ranged from 0.578 to 0.968 pointing to a direct relationship. Results of modeling approach revealed appropriate compliance between the values of the observed and predicted TSS for higher filtration rates.

20

Zanik jezior okolic Gardei (Pojezierze Iławskie)

Ptak M., Małecka I.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna w Kształtowaniu Środowiska

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2014

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Nr 10

43--50

PL

Jeziora należą do jednych z najmniej trwałych elementów przyrody nieożywionej w środowisku. Od momentu powstania podlegają ciągłej ewolucji, która zmierza ostatecznie do ich zaniku. Tempo i skala tego procesu są zróżnicowane i zależą od splotu czynników naturalnych (np. fluktuacje klimatyczne) jak i sztucznych (antropopresja). W pracy w oparciu o kartograficzną metodę badania zmian środowiska przedstawiono sytuację dotycząca sześciu jezior na Pojezierzu Iławskim, które w okresie kilkudziesięciu lat przestały całkowicie istnieć. Za fakt ten odpowiedzialne są głównie przeprowadzone prace melioracyjne, które spowodowały obniżenie poziomu wody a tym samym zanik jezior.

EN

Lakes are one of the least durable inanimate elements of the natural environment. From the moment of their inception, they are constantly evolving, which ultimately leads to their disappearance. The pace and scale of this process vary depending on the combination of natural (e.g. climate fluctuations) and artificial (anthropogenic impact) factors. Based on the cartographic method of examining environmental change, the paper describes the situation of six lakes in the Iława Lake District, which, over decades, ceased to exist completely. This was mainly caused by land improvement works, which resulted in the lowering of the water level, which, in turn, led to the disappearance of the lakes.