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1
Content available remote Determination of equivalent electric parameters of heterogeneous structures
EN
Equivalent values describing non-homogeneous material, calculated using the developed algorithm, can be used in modelling large-scale systems in the case when it is not possible to fully map the complex structure, which made of composite material (e.g. clinker bricks, concrete). The developed algorithm can be used to determine equivalent electric parameters of various complex structures taking into account different electric parameters and their range of single dielectric, size of holes/admixtures, frequency or the thickness of the layer through which the EM wave passes.
XX
Parametry zastępcze opisujące niejednorodny materiał, które są wyznaczone przez opracowany algorytm, mogą zostać zastosowane przy modelowaniu układów dużej skali, gdzie niemożliwe jest pełne odwzorowanie złożonych struktur, które są kompozytami (np. cegły klinkierowe, beton). Opracowany algorytm może być wykorzystany do obliczenia zastępczych parametrów różnych złożonych struktur przy uwzględnieniu zróżnicowania parametrów elektrycznych i ich zakresu pojedynczych dielektryków, rozmiaru wtrąceń, częstotliwości i grubości warstwy, przez którą przechodzi fala EM.
EN
In this work, we explore the possibilities of the widespread Finite Element Model Updating method (FEMU) in order to identify the local elastic mechanical properties in heterogeneous materials. The objective function is defined as a quadratic error of the discrepancy between measured fields and simulated ones. We compare two different formulations of the function, one based on the displacement fields and one based on the strain fields. We use a genetic algorithm in order to minimize these functions. We prove that the strain functional associated with the genetic algorithm is the best combination. We then improve the implementation of the method by parallelizing the algorithm in order to reduce the computation cost. We validate the approach with simulated cases in 2D.
EN
In the present paper, a possibility of an approximation of elastic particulate composite with a network of elastic springs that undertake only axial forces is considered. It is assumed that the springs are equivalent to two hemispheres interacting through a weaker interface member. In a frame of the suggested approach, the description of the composite is limited to translational degrees of freedom, therefore, only a normal interaction between the spheres was considered. The methodology for calculation of the axial stiffness of the elastic springs and obtained solutions of the stiffness in explicit form are the main novelty of the article. A comparison of the stiffnesses of the springs obtained by the proposed methodology and by the three dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) has shown a good agreement between them in a wide range of the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of the particles and matrix at four different distances between surfaces of the particles. A possibility of the approximation of particulate composite by springs was tested and discussed in details by comparing results of a mechanical response of a sample (under three different loading cases) modelled as a three dimensional solid and as a system comprised of the springs. The solutions were obtained by the FEM.
EN
In this review paper the synergistic combination of X-ray microtomography, in situ mechanical tests on material samples and full-field kinematic measurements by 3D-Volume Digital Image Correlation is discussed. First, basic features are outlined, concerning X-ray microtomography by either laboratory sources or synchrotron radiation. The main equations for 3D-Volume Digital Image Correlation are then presented, and different provisions regularizing the ill-posed problem of motion estimation are outlined. Thereafter, a survey of the state of the art is provided, with reference to a variety of biological and engineering materials. Limitations and perspectives of the proposed methodology in diverse applications are highlighted. The rapid growth of this research topic is emphasized, due to the truly multi-disciplinary vocation, the synergy between algorithmic and technological solutions, a fusion of experiments and numerical methods.
5
Content available remote An analysis of effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous materials
EN
Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) is a very important index for evaluating the thermal property of heterogeneous materials, which include more than two different kinds of materials. Several analytical models were proposed for predicting the ETC of heterogeneous materials, but in some cases, these models cannot provide very accurate predictions. In this work, several analytical models and numerical simulations were studied in order to investigate the differences among them. In addition, some factors which would influence the ETC of heterogeneous materials were investigated by numerical simulation. The results demonstrated that the numerical simulation can provide very accurate prediction, indicated that different analytical models should be selected to predict specific problems based on their assumptions, and suggested that more variables need to be considered in order to improve these analytical models, such as inclusion shape, inclusion size, distribution of inclusions and contact area. Besides, numerical method could be an effective and reliable way to obtain the ETC of heterogeneous materials with any kind of complicated structures.
6
Content available remote Numerical simulation of temperature field in heterogeneous material with the XFEM
EN
The purpose of this paper is to focus on modeling temperature field in heterogeneous materials. The heat conductivity is adopted as the basic parameter for calculation. The extended finite element method (XFEM) is applied for simulation of temperature field. For one element that contains no material interface, the temperature function will be degenerated into that of the conventional finite element. For the element containing material interfaces, the standard temperature based approximation is enriched by incorporating level-set-based enrichment functions which model the interfaces. For unsteady temperature field, the improved precise integration method is adopted for the solution of the ordinary differential equations. The mesh generation can be considerably simplified and high-quality meshes are obtained; meanwhile the solution of good precision and stability can be achieved.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono proces mieszania sypkich układów niejednorodnych pod względem gęstości. Badania prowadzono w mieszalniku bębnowym. Obserwowano zjawisko segregacji i stwierdzono, iż zjawisko to ma miejsce i przebiega tym intensywniej, im bardziej stosunek gęstości fazy rozpraszanej do fazy rozpraszającej oddala się od jedności.
EN
The authors present the test results for mixing of pairs of heterogeneous granular materials. Influence of density difference on effects of component intermixing was tested. Segregation accompanying the mixed systems was observed.
EN
The aim of this paper is to pursue, in the wake of the work by Nadot-Martin et al. (2003), a non-classical micromechanical study and scale transition for highly filled particulate composites with viscoelastic matrices. The present extension of a morphology-based approach due to Christoffersen (1983), carried forward to the viscoelastic small strain context by Nadot-Martin et al. (2003), consists here in introducing a supplementary mechanism, namely damage by grain/matrix debonding. Displacement discontinuities (microcracks) on grain/matrix interfaces are first incorporated in a compatible way within geometric and kinematic hypotheses regarding the grains-and-layers assembly of Christoffersen. Then, local field expressions as well as homogenized stresses are established and discussed for a given state of damage (i.e. for a given actual number of open and closed microcracks) and using the hypothesis of no sliding on closed crack lips. A comparison with the results obtained for the sound viscoelastic composite by Nadot-Martin et al. (2003) allows to quantify the damage influence on local and global levels. At last, the basic formulation of the model obtained by scale transition is completed by the second stage leading to a thermodynamically consistent formulation eliminating some superfluous damaged-induced strain-like variables related to open cracks. This second stage is presented here for a simplified system where delayed (viscoelastic) effects are (tentatively) neglected. It appears as a preliminary and crucial step for further generalization in viscoelasticity.
PL
Celem tej publikacji jest sformułowanie wieloskalowego modelu mikromechanicznego dla granulowanych kompozytów o wysokim stopniu upakowania inkluzji w osnowie lepkosprężystej. Przedstawiony model, będący rozwinięciem morfologicznego podejścia Christoffersena (1983) i Nadot-Martin i in. (2003) w zakresie małych odkształceń lepkosprężystych, polega na wprowadzeniu do analizy dodatkowego mechanizmu uszkodzenia - mikropękania na granicy inkluzji i osnowy. Mikroszczeliny na granicy inkluzji i osnowy uwzględniono w hipotezie geometrycznej i kinematycznej metody Christoffersena. Następnie, wyznaczono lokalne oraz uśrednione pola naprężenia dla zadanego stanu uszkodzenia (tzn. dla zadanej liczby otwartych i zamkniętych mikroszczelin przy pominięciu poślizgów na powierzchniach mikroszczelin zamkniętych). Porównanie z wynikami uzyskanymi przez Nadot-Martin i in. (2003) dla nieuszkodzonego kompozytu lepkosprężystego pozwoliło na określenie wpływu uszkodzenia na poziomie lokalnym i globalnym. Na koniec, podstawowy model wieloskalowy uzupełniono o drugą część sformułowania, która pozwoliła usunąć pewne nadmiarowe odkształcenia związane z mikroszczelinami otwartymi, czyniąc cały model termodynamicznie spójnym. Ta druga część modelu wieloskalowego jest przeprowadzona przy założeniu upraszczającym, polegającym na (tymczasowym) pominięciu efektów lepkosprężystych.
PL
W pracy badano proces mieszania układów ziarnistych o zróżnicowanych gęstościach, jak również towarzyszące mieszaniu zjawisko segregacji. Dokonano porównania wyników otrzymanych na podstawie modelu stochastycznego z wartościami rzeczywistymi, wyznaczonymi na drodze doświadczalnej. Badania prowadzono w długim mieszalniku bębnowym.
EN
In this work the mixing process oftheparticulate materials with the different density has been investigated. The investigation have been performed in a long drum mixer. The results based on the stochastic model versus experiments results have been presented. It was shown that results based on the stochastic model can be used to describe mixture with different density of heterogeneous granular materials.
PL
Przekrój czynny na absorpcję neutronów termicznych w ośrodku niejednorodnym (ziarnistym) jest niższy niż w odpowiadającym ośrodku jednorodnym zawierającym te same składniki w tych samych ilościach. Taka niejednorodność może wystąpić bądź w naturalnym ośrodku skalnym, bądź w próbce użytej do badań. W pracy pokazano wpływ granulacji próbki skalnej na obserwowany przekrój czynny absorpcji mieszanin ziaren z roztworami absorbenta, jak również na interpretowany stąd przekrój czynny samej skały. Pomiary wykonano na stanowisku przy impulsowym generatorze neutronów w IFJ, używając próbek diabazu o drobnych (< 4 mm) i dużych (od 6,3 do 12,8 mm) ziarnach. Obliczenia teoretyczne przeprowadzono w oparciu o wcześniej opracowaną teorią absorpcji neutronów w ośrodku ziarnistym, zweryfikwaną w eksperymentach na modelach o kontrolowanej ziarnistości i dokładnie znanej absorpcji składników. Pokazano sposób oceny, czy próbka materiału użyta w pomiarze jest jednorodna z punktu widzenia transportu neutronów.
EN
The thermal neutron absorption cross section of a heterogeneous material is lower than of the corresponding homogeneous one which contains the same components. When rock materials are investigated the sample contains usually grains which create heterogeneity. The heterogeneity effect depends on the mass contribution of highly- and low-absorbing centres, on the ratio of their absorption cross sections, and on their sizes. An influence of the granulation of silicon and diabase samples on the absorption cross section measured with Czubek's method has been experimentally investigated. A 20 per cent underestimation of the absorption cross section has been observed for the diabase grains of sizes from 6.3 to 12.8 mm.
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