BazTech - Yadda

1

Mechanical behaviour and failure mechanism of resistance spot welded aluminium and copper joint used in the lightweight structures

Fakhri Marwah Sabah, Al-Mukhtar Ahmed, Mahmood Ibtihal A.

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 2

art. no. 2024207

EN

Recently, dissimilar metals have found applications in the process of resistance spot welding (RSW), particularly within the electric vehicle industry. Notably, copper and aluminum have gained significant importance in these sectors due to their advantageous characteristics for the industry requirements. The mechanical behavior of these materials is essential to maintaining structural integrity. The study aims to estimate the mechanical behavior of dissimilar RSW joints and optimize welding parameters for Cu-Al joints. Hence, understanding the joining processes in the electric vehicle industry to design reliable components. Combining different types of materials, such as T2-grade commercially pure copper sheets and aluminum AA1050 with the same thickness of 1 mm has been welded. The determination of optimal welding conditions takes into account material thicknesses and types. Through tensile-shear testing, welding parameters that yield maximal joint strength were identified. Using Minitab 19 software, the Taguchi method helped achieve optimized welding parameters. The hardness, fracture characteristics, and weld strength have been investigated. Hardness measurements were conducted across the nugget thickness and surface, offering insights into potential failure modes. The welding process involves the transition to a liquid state for the aluminum components, resulting in the formation of intermetallic compounds. Consequently, crack initiation was observed within the aluminum segments, leading to a plug-out fracture mechanism. In contrast, copper exhibits superior strength and hardness compared to aluminum, where increased hardness correlates with heightened strength. The discrepancy in hardness, especially the lower values observed on the aluminum side, caused fractures to appear within the heat affected zone (HAZ). Subsequently, this fracture propagated until pull-out failure was realized. The study revealed that dissimilar joining of Cu and Al resulted in an ultimate tensile stress of 26 MPa, while similar joining of copper showcased a strength of 98 MPa. Additionally, the symmetric join in aluminum exhibited a strength of 93 MPa. The maximum tensile shear force is equal to 512 N at a maximum welding current of 14000 A. The pull-out failure mode occurs in the Cu-Al RSW joint. The maximum hardness was noted in the fusion zone (FZ). Relevant literature sources have supported and confirmed these outcomes.

2

Fatigue behaviour of medium carbon steel assessed by the barkhausen noise method

Makowska Katarzyna, Szymczak Tadeusz, Kowalewski Zbigniew L.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 1

40--47

EN

In this paper, an attempt to estimate the stage of the fatigue process using the Barkhausen noise method is studied. First, microstructural and static tensile tests were carried out and, subsequently, fatigue tests up to failure were conducted. After determination of the material behaviour in the assumed static and dynamic conditions, the interrupted fatigue tests were performed. Each specimen was stressed up to a different number of cycles corresponding to 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of fatigue lifetime for the loading conditions considered. In the next step of the experimental programme, the specimens were subjected to the Barkhausen magnetic noise measurements. Various magnetic parameters coming from the rms Barkhausen noise envelopes were determined. The linear relationship betweenthe full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Barkhausen noise envelope and the number of loading cycles to fracture was found. Specimens loaded up to a certain number of cycles were also subjected to a tensile test to assess an influence of fatigue on the fracture features.

3

Influence of mechanical factors on the performance and aging process of oil pump jack

Aliyev Alesker M., Aliyeva Sevda Y.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 12

776--785

EN

The paper discusses the influence of mechanical factors on the performance and aging process of rocking machines, specifically focusing on oilfield equipment such as the downhole rod pump jack. The authors emphasize the importance of analyzing the condition and aging process of oilfield equipment to ensure reliability, safety, and efficiency in oil production processes. The mechanical factors discussed in the paper include vibrations, loads, wear, and corrosion. Vibrations can be caused by improper balance, bearing failures, or other factors, and they have a negative impact on equipment performance and can lead to breakdowns. High mechanical loads associated with raising and lowering sucker rods can cause wear and damage to the pump jack. Operating in harsh environments with sand, abrasive particles, or chemicals can also cause wear on surfaces and equipment parts. Corrosion of metal components can occur due to moisture, chemical attack, or improper storage and maintenance, leading to deterioration and breakage of equipment. The consequences of these mechanical factors on the aging of an oil pump jack include accelerated aging, decreased performance, and an increased risk of accidents. Continuous exposure to vibration, stress, wear, and corrosion accelerates the aging process, resulting in deterioration and reduced equipment life. Damage and breakdowns caused by mechanical factors lead to decreased efficiency, negatively impacting oil production processes. Moreover, insufficient maintenance and failure to address mechanical influences increase the risk of accidents, downtime, and damage to other parts of the manufacturing process. To assess the health and aging status of an oil pump jack, various analysis and diagnostic methods are used, including visual inspection, strength testing, monitoring of parameters, and non-destructive testing. Visual inspection helps identify visible damage, wear, and defects. Strength testing evaluates the reliability of pump jack parts and identifies potential issues. Monitoring parameters like vibrations, temperature, and pressure allows for detecting deviations from normal operation and preventing breakdowns. Non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, and radiography help identify hidden defects and damage. The authors recommend several strategies to maintain the reliability and efficiency of an oil pump jack. These strategies include implementing a preventive maintenance program with regular inspection, testing, and parts replacement based on manufacturer’s recommendations and equipment condition analysis. Determining optimal service and part replacement intervals based on historical data, monitoring results, and manufacturer’s recommendations is crucial. Additionally, utilizing more durable materials, anti-corrosion coatings, improved designs, and technologies can increase equipment resistance to mechanical stress and improve performance. The paper also describes the device and components of a pump jack, such as the installation base, platform, balancer, electric motor, crank, connecting rod, and control station. It emphasizes the importance of considering various characteristics when selecting and evaluating the effectiveness of a pump jack, including working load, maximum plunger stroke, reducer dimensions, output torque, and swing frequency. The kinematics of the pump jack drive system are discussed, highlighting the need for reconfiguration to adapt to changing operating conditions and optimize oil production performance. Overall, the paper emphasizes the importance of analyzing mechanical factors, managing the aging process, and implementing maintenance strategies to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of oilfield equipment, specifically the pump jack used in oil production processes.

PL

: W artykule omówiono wpływ czynników mechanicznych na wydajność i proces starzenia się kiwonów, koncentrując się na urządzeniach do eksploatacji złóż ropy naftowej. Autorzy podkreślają znaczenie analizy stanu i procesu starzenia się sprzętu naftowego dla zapewnienia niezawodności, bezpieczeństwa i wydajności procesów produkcji ropy naftowej. Czynniki mechaniczne omówione w artykule obejmują drgania, obciążenia, zużycie i korozję. Drgania mogą być wywołane przez nieodpowiednie zbalansowanie, usterki łożysk lub inne czynniki i mają negatywny wpływ na wydajność sprzętu oraz mogą prowadzić do awarii. Wysokie obciążenia mechaniczne powiązane z podnoszeniem i opuszczaniem żerdzi pompowych mogą powodować zużycie i uszkodzenie kiwona. Praca w trudnych środowiskach z piaskiem, cząstkami ścierającymi lub chemikaliami może także skutkować zużyciem powierzchni i części sprzętu. Korozja komponentów metalowych może wystąpić w związku z wilgocią, agresywnością chemiczną lub nieodpowiednim przechowywaniem i konserwacją i doprowadzić do degradacji i uszkodzeń sprzętu. Konsekwencje tych czynników mechanicznych względem starzenia się kiwona obejmują przyspieszone starzenie, zmniejszoną wydajność i zwiększone ryzyko wypadków. Stałe narażenie na drgania, naprężenie, zużycie i korozję przyspiesza proces starzenia, powodując degradację i zmniejszenie żywotności sprzętu. Uszkodzenia i awarie wywołane przez czynniki mechaniczne prowadzą do zmniejszenia wydajności, wpływając negatywnie na procesy produkcji ropy naftowej. Ponadto niewystarczająca konserwacja i brak uwzględnienia wpływów mechanicznych zwiększają ryzyko wypadków, przestoju i uszkodzenia innych elementów procesu produkcyjnego. Aby ocenić stan i status starzenia się kiwona, stosuje się różne analizy i metody diagnostyczne, w tym inspekcję wizualną, próby wytrzymałościowe, monitorowanie parametrów i próby nieniszczące. Inspekcja wizualna pomaga zidentyfikować widoczne uszkodzenia, zużycie i defekty. Próby wytrzymałościowe oceniają niezawodność części kiwona i identyfikują potencjalne problemy. Monitorowanie parametrów takich jak drgania, temperatura i ciśnienie pozwala wykryć odchylenia od normalnej pracy i zapobiec awariom. Metody prób nieniszczących, takie jak badania ultradźwiękowe, badania magnetyczno-proszkowe i radiografia, pomagają odnaleźć ukryte defekty i uszkodzenia. Autorzy rekomendują kilka strategii dla zachowania niezawodności i wydajności kiwona. Strategie te obejmują wdrożenie zapobiegawczego programu konserwacji z regularnymi przeglądami, testami i wymianą części na podstawie rekomendacji producenta i analizy stanu sprzętu. Kluczowe jest ustalenie optymalnych przedziałów serwisowania i wymiany części, opierając się na danych historycznych, wynikach monitoringu i rekomendacjach producenta. Dodatkowo stosowanie wytrzymalszych materiałów, powłok antykorozyjnych, ulepszonych konstrukcji i technologii może zwiększyć wytrzymałość sprzętu na naprężenia mechaniczne i poprawić wydajność. W artykule opisano także urządzenia i komponenty kiwona, takie jak podstawa instalacyjna, platforma, wahacz, silnik elektryczny, korba, żerdź łącząca i stanowisko sterowania. Podkreślono znaczenie uwzględnienia różnych cech podczas wyboru i oceny wydajności kiwona, w tym obciążenia roboczego, maksymalnego suwu tłoka, wymiarów reduktora, wyjściowego momentu obrotowego i częstotliwości ruchu wahadłowego. Omówiona została kinematyka systemu napędowego kiwona, z podkreśleniem potrzeby rekonfiguracji w celu przystosowania się do zmiennych warunków pracy i optymalizacji wydajności produkcji ropy naftowej. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, w artykule podkreślono znaczenie analizy czynników mechanicznych, zarządzania procesem starzenia i wdrażania strategii konserwacji dla zapewnienia niezawodnej i wydajnej pracy sprzętu na złożach ropy naftowej, a konkretnie kiwona stosowanego w procesach produkcji ropy naftowej.

4

Destruction of high pressure vessels in pipeline structures

Rahimova Mahluqa S., Abbasov Sakit H., Ahmadov Alihikmat A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 5

360--364

EN

The article indicates that engineering design criteria do not provide measures to prevent failures; this is evidenced by the occurrence of many accidents. Fracture prevention criteria should be derived from the principles of fracture mechanics, what should be developed further. However, the current concepts of fracture mechanics, when properly applied, provide an opportunity to ensure the reliability of the structure or organise the supervision of expensive structures to ensure their safe operation. These methods of preventing damage can be divided into two large groups: 1) checking for the formation of cracks and 2) monitoring their development. Both methods are based on similar principles; it would be easier to explain them with examples. To ensure the safe operation of the pressure vessel used in the reactor, the maximum allowable initial crack size should be known. The size of this crack should not expand to a critical point during the entire operation of the reactor. Knowing how the process of crack propagation proceeds and how the structure behaves during failure, it is possible to calculate the critical size of the defect and, based on this, calculate the maximum allowable size of the crack at the beginning of operation. Proper inspection of the new vessel will eliminate the possibility of shells that are larger than the original size. Checking for the presence of cracks, and determining their rate of growth during operation, presents significant difficulties. Therefore, checks should be avoided during operation. If the fracture and crack growth calculations, as well as the initial checks, are carried out correctly, then checks made during operation are an optional extra. However, in practice, such checks should still be performed. For vessels used in reactors, remote observation of crack growth using ultrasonic waves is a particularly useful method. If a crack is found, measures must be taken to either repair or replace the partially destroyed element.

PL

W artykule wskazano, że kryteria na etapie tworzenia projektu technicznego często nie uwzględniają środków zapobiegających awariom, o czym świadczą liczne wypadki przy pracy. Kryteria zapobiegania powstawaniu pęknięć powinny być wyprowadzane z zasad mechaniki powstawania pęknięć, co wymaga dalszego rozwoju. Jednak obecne koncepcje mechaniki powstawania pęknięć, przy ich właściwym stosowaniu, dają możliwość zapewnienia niezawodności konstrukcji lub zorganizowania nadzoru nad kosztownymi konstrukcjami, aby zapewnić ich bezpieczną eksploatację. Te metody zapobiegania uszkodzeniom można podzielić na dwie duże grupy: 1) kontrola pod kątem powstawania pęknięć, 2) monitorowanie ich wzrostu. Obie metody opierają się na podobnych zasadach i lepiej wyjaśnić je na przykładach. W celu zapewnienia bezpiecznej eksploatacji zbiornika ciśnieniowego używanego w reaktorze należy znać maksymalną dopuszczalną początkową wielkość pęknięcia. Wielkość takiego pęknięcia nie powinna wzrosnąć do wartości krytycznej przez cały czas pracy reaktora. Wiedząc, jak przebiega proces propagacji pęknięć i jak zachowuje się konstrukcja podczas uszkodzenia, można obliczyć krytyczną wielkość uszkodzenia i na tej podstawie obliczyć maksymalną dopuszczalną wielkość pęknięcia na początku eksploatacji. Prawidłowa kontrola nowego zbiornika wyeliminuje możliwość wystąpienia pęknięć większych niż o pierwotnym rozmiarze. Kontrole pod kątem obecności pęknięć i określenie tempa ich wzrostu podczas pracy wiążą się z dużymi trudnościami. Dlatego należy unikać wykonywania kontroli podczas pracy. Jeżeli obliczenia dotyczące pęknięć i ich wzrostu, jak również kontrole wstępne, zostały przeprowadzone prawidłowo, to kontrole podczas eksploatacji byłyby opcjonalnym dodatkiem. Jednak w praktyce takie kontrole i tak są przeprowadzane. W przypadku zbiorników używanych w reaktorach szczególnie przydatną metodą jest zdalna obserwacja wzrostu pęknięć za pomocą fal ultradźwiękowych. W przypadku stwierdzenia pęknięcia należy podjąć działania w celu naprawy lub wymiany częściowo zniszczonego elementu.

5

Walcowanie poprzeczno-klinowe odkuwki osi kolejowej

Bulzak Tomasz, Winiarski Grzegorz, Wójcik Łukasz

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2023

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Vol. 90, nr 2

16--20

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki modelowania numerycznego procesu walcowania poprzeczno-klinowego odkuwek osi kolejowych. Na wstępie przedstawiono główny problem, jakim jest pękanie materiału w procesie walcowania poprzeczno-klinowego. Przedstawiono propozycję ograniczenia zjawiska pękania materiału, polegającą na zmianie konstrukcji narzędzi kształtujących. Zaprojektowano trzy warianty narzędzi, których przydatność w procesie walcowania poprzeczno-klinowego osi kolejowych została zweryfikowana na drodze symulacji numerycznych. Symulacje numeryczne przeprowadzono metodą elementów skończonych w oprogramowaniu Simufact Forming. Uzyskane wyniki nie potwierdziły przyjętych założeń. Zastosowanie narzędzi z dwoma kątami kształtującymi wpłynęło na wzrost wartości kryterium pękania, co tym samym zwiększa ryzyko pękania materiału podczas walcowania osi kolejowych.

EN

This paper presents the results of numerical modelling of the cross-wedge rolling process of railway axle forgings. The main problem of material cracking in the cross-wedge rolling process is first presented. A proposal to reduce the phenomenon of material cracking by changing the design of forming tools is presented. Three tool variants were designed, the suitability of which in the process of cross-wedge rolling of railway axles was verified by means of numerical simulations. Numerical simulations were carried out using the finite element method in the Simufact Forming software. The results obtained did not confirm the assumptions made. The use of tools with two forming angles increased the value of the fracture criterion, thereby increasing the risk of material fracture during rolling of railway axles

6

Study on Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Different Sites in Al-Si Alloy Casting Component

Tao Jianquan, Xiang Lin, Chen Xidong, Sun Jipeng, Wang Yanbin, Du Chuanhang, Peng Feifei, Gao Shiqing, Chen Qiang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

585--589

EN

The tensile properties and microstructures of ZL114A alloy component with a complex shape are investigated at room temperature and 200°C, using the tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. Both thin wall and thick structure exhibit excellent properties, of which max ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break reach 314 MPa and 2.5% at room temperature, respectively. The ultimate tensile strengths of thin wall are 40 MPa and 25 MPa greater than those of thick structure at room temperature and 200°C, respectively. Moreover, the eutectic Si phases of thin wall exhibit a predominantly spherical morphology while of the morphology of thick structure are rod-like, resulting in the different mechanical properties between thin wall and thick structure. The fracture morphologies of thin wall and thick structure are studied to explain the difference in performance between thin wall and thick structure.

7

Multi Wedge Cross Rolling of Axle Forgings

Bulzak Tomasz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

697--701

EN

This paper presents the results of research into the cross wedge rolling (CWR) process of axle forgings. The presented results concern the parallel rolling process with two wedges. The use of two parallel wedges is aimed at shortening the tool length (increasing productivity) and reducing the values of wedge opening angles and increasing the forming angles, so that the condition 0.04 ≤ tgαtgβ ≤ 0.08 is maintained to guarantee the highest quality forgings. The article analyses the influence of the design of the double wedge tool on the geometric correctness of the forgings obtained, the value of the failure criterion and the force parameters of the process. The results obtained show that the use of multi wedge tools improves rolling conditions by increasing productivity and reducing the tendency of the material to crack with appropriately selected tool parameters.

8

Does water lubrication affect friction differently for rocks and soils? Evidence and open questions

Cafaro F., Hamad A., Monterisi L.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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Vol. 44, nr 3

211--223

EN

The present paper focuses on the shear strength exhibited by rocks and soils when sliding along dry and wet surfaces, with this mechanism of failure being strongly related to the water lubrication phenomenon. It is well known that the frictional behaviour of geomaterials requires multiscale investigation. Under this perspective, experimental evidence of both friction at the grain scale (i.e. interparticle friction) and friction along sliding surfaces of rock and granular soil samples (i.e. surface friction) are analysed by using data from the literature. The review is addressed at linking different scales, stating the differences between rocks and soils in terms of frictional response to sliding and trying to point out still open problems for the research.

9

Investigation of probabilistic aspects reliability of isotropic bodies with internal defects

Kvit Roman

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics

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2022

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Vol. 21, nr 3

73--84

EN

A study of the stress state and reliability of an isotropic body with the same material crack resistance and evenly distributed internal defects-cracks under the conditions of homogeneous axisymmetric loading is carried out. Defects are characterized by two independent random variables – a radius and orientation angle. The probability density distribution of the defect radius is chosen in the form of an exponential law. The probability density distribution of the defect orientation angle is chosen in the form of a law that corresponds to the material isotropy. The influence of the loading level, type of stress state and body size (number of defects) on the most probable value, the mean value and the dispersion of failure loading (strength) are investigated.

10

Application of the design of experiments and statistical hypothesis to reduce defects in the flange of the steel plate process

Sadłowska Hanna, Wójcik Piotr

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2022

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Vol. 22, No. 3

149--156

EN

The paper presents a discussion on the occurrence of defects in the circumferential flange of steel plate. The numerous flange face defects have been analysed. The types of defects have been selected and categorized using an experimental planning procedure involving 600 samples for 24 different process variants, considering variables such as material, hole diameter, tool size and tool position. The analysis of experimental results enabled to determine of the optimal values of process parameters to minimize the occurrence of defects. Furthermore, the influence of individual parameters on the quality of the flange surface has been carried out to obtain the process parameters’ impact using statistical hypotheses. As a result, it was possible to develop rules which will be helpful in the design process, especially important when changing the material to be processed.

11

Study of rock fracture under blast loading

Baranowski Paweł, Kucewicz Michał, Pytlik Mateusz, Małachowski Jerzy

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 5

art. no. e141723

EN

A study of dolomite rock material failure using a simple small-scale blast setup is presented. Laboratory tests were conducted using disc specimens drilled with a borehole in the center. A detonation cord and a blasting cap were fitted inside the borehole to induce cracking and fracturing of the specimens. The specimens were inserted between two steel plates, which were compressed against the specimen using bolt screws. Prior to testing, the most suitable screw torque for constraining the vertical displacement of the specimen surfaces without compressing the specimen was selected based on numerical simulations. Then, the experimental tests with the blasting cap were simulated using the Johnson–Holmquist II (JH-2) material model, and the properties of the blasting cap were determined and verified in two special tests with a lead specimen. Possessing the validated model, the influence of specimen thickness on the cracking patterns was finally analyzed. This paper presents a relatively easy method for studying rock material behavior under blast loading and for validating the numerical and constitutive models used for rock simulations.

12

Research on Forming Parameters Optimization of Incremental Sheet Forming Process for Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 2 Sheets

Szpunar Marcin, Trzepieciński Tomasz, Ostrowski Robert, Zwolak Marek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 4

1411--1418

EN

This study aims to determine optimal forming parameters for Incremental Sheet Forming process Commercially Pure titanium Grade 2 sheets in terms of formability improvement, force reduction, and efficiency of forming. Based on the central composite design, data were collected during 20 runs and then variation analysis was performed. The experiments were performed on a 3 axis CNC milling machine equipped with a Kistler dynamometer plate. Subsequently, regression models have been developed to describe process responses by input factors. As crucial parameters, the relative velocity and step size of the tool that affect the forming force and the height of the fracture have been determined. Finally, the application of optimization algorithm has emerged optimal input factors in terms of selected multi-criteria goal. The results of this study suggest that there is a process window that allows the formation of 45° wall angle drawpieces of commercially pure titanium Grade 2.

13

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded dissimilar Al/Ti alloys by ultrasonic assistance

Dong Zhibo, Zhang Ziao, Hu Wei, Gong Peng, Lv Zan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 1

91--96

EN

Dissimilar Al/Ti alloy sheets were lap welded with ultrasonic assistance in this work. The influence of ultrasonic vibration on formation, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and tensile failure load of the obtained joints was discussed. The results showed that voids formed at the lap interface without ultrasonic assistance. No voids can be observed on the joint welded with ultrasonic because the vibration during welding improved the material flow. No obvious IMC formed at the Al/Ti bonding interface of the joint welded without ultrasonic assistance. An IMC layer formed at the bonding interface of Al/Ti with ultrasonic assistance and its thickness increased with decreasing the welding speed. The failure load of the joint welded with ultrasonic assistance was higher than the joint without ultrasonic because the void was eliminated and the thin IMC layer formed at the bonding interface was beneficial to joint strength. All joints presented shear failure mode during the tensile shear tests.

14

Effect of High-Temperature Annealing on the Cross-Tension Property of Resistance Spot Welded Medium-Mn Steel

Zhao Bingge, Wang Yuanfang, Sun Chenyu, Ding Kai, Wu Guanzhi, Wei Tao, Pan Hua, Gao Yulai

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 4

1293--1298

EN

As one of the most promising 3rd generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS), medium Mn steels attract much attention because of their exceptional mechanical property and reasonable cost. However, their application in the modern automotive industry is limited by poor weldability. In this study, 7Mn steel was welded by resistance spot welding (RSW), which was followed by high-temperature annealing to increase the cross-tension property. With this effort, enhanced cross-tension strength (CTS) with a partial interfacial fracture (PIF) mode was realized. During the annealing after RSW that produced martensite, austenitization was realized and then evolved into martensite by the following air cooling. This process produced structure homogeneity across the joint. With respect to the RSW joint, martensite remained the dominant structure after annealing while the diffusion of C and Mn solutes was triggered. With the increase of annealing temperature, the diffusion was enhanced, and the grain boundary embrittlement was reduced, leading to higher CTS.

15

Molecular dynamics study of the fracture of single layer buckled silicon monosulfide and germanium selenide

Le M.-Q

Archives of Mechanics

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2022

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Vol. 74, nr 1

3--12

EN

Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted with the Stillinger–Weber potential at room temperature to study the mechanical properties and find the mode-I critical stress intensity factor of buckled two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal silicon mono-sulfide (SiS) and germanium selenide (GeSe) sheets. Uniaxial tensile tests were simulated for pristine and pre-cracked sheets. 2D Young’s modulus of SiS and GeSe are estimated at 38.3 and 26.0 N/m, respectively. Their 2D fracture strength is about 3.1–3.5 N/m. By using the initial crack length with the corresponding fracture stress, their mode-I critical stress intensity factor is estimated in the range from 0.19 through 0.22 MPapm. These values differ within 5% from those obtained by the surface energy and are very small compared to the reported fracture toughness of single-crystalline monolayer graphene.

16

Prediction of brittle fracture propagation behaviour of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating in artificial femoral stem component

Sheng C.H., Nagentrau M., Ibrahim N.H.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 114, nr 1

34--41

EN

Purpose: This study addresses the brittle fracture propagation behaviour modelling of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating in artificial femoral stem component. Design/methodology/approach: A simple two dimensional flat-on-flat contact configuration finite element model consisting contact pad (bone), Ti-6Al-4V substrate and HAp coating is employed in static simulation. The HAp coating is modelled as elastic layer with pre-microcrack which assumed to be initiated due to stress singularity. Findings: The study revealed that reducing coating thickness, pre-microcrack length and artificial femoral stem elastic modulus along with increasing bone elastic modulus will result in significant stress intensity factor (SIF) to promote brittle fracture propagation behaviour. Research limitations/implications: The influence of coating thickness, pre-microcrack length, bone and artificial femoral stem elastic modulus on fracture behaviour is examined under different stress ratio using J-integral analysis approach. Practical implications: The proposed finite element model can be easily accommodating different Hap coating thickness, pre-microcrack length, bone and artificial femoral stem elastic modulus to perform detailed parametric studies with minimal costly experimental works. Originality/value: Limited research focussing on brittle fracture propagation behaviour of HAp coating in artificial femoral stem component. Thus, present study analysed the influence of coating thickness, pre-microcrack length, bone and artificial femoral stem elastic modulus on stress intensity factor (SIF) of HAp coating.

17

Experimental study on dynamic stability of rubber-cement composites by SHPB and high-speed slicing

Yang Rongzhou, Xu Ying, Chen Pei Yuan

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 1

319--334

EN

Improper disposal of waste tires will not only bring environmental impact and safety risks but also cause a serious waste of resources. In the field of civil engineering materials, waste tire particles are used as a substitute for non-renewable aggregates to produce flexible rubber-cement composites (RCC). To explore the high-speed slicing stability of RCC, this test took normal cement mortar (NCM) and rubber cement mortar (RCM) as research objects. The SHPB tests with the same impact energy level and the high-speed slicing tests with a slice thickness range of about 1.4 mm ~ 4.4 mm were carried out. The results showed that NCM and RCM showed different stability differences in the process of high-speed slicing. In the case of ensuring the integrity of the slice, the minimum thickness of the slice can be better decreased with the increase of the rubber content. Finally, from the perspectives of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test results and mesoscopic structure states, the essential reason for ensuring the stability of high-speed slicing lied in the improvement of rubber particles (dominant role) and pores on material deformation and flexible energy dissipation.

18

Friction spot extrusion brazing of copper to AISI 304 stainless steel with Zn interlayer: effect of shoulder surface modification

Bai Jing, Paidar Moslem, Mehrez Sadok, Ojo Olatunji Oladimeji, Nasution Mahyuddin Khairuddin Matyuso, Zain Azlan Mohd

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e62, 1--15

EN

The friction spot extrusion brazing of Cu and AISI 304 stainless plates was carried out with a pure Zn interlayer medium to prevent Cu-Fe reaction by changing the tool shoulder surfaces from smooth to scrolled shoulder. The metallurgical and mechanical characterizations and fracture behaviors of the as-welded joints were studied. The change in tool shoulder surface had no significant effect on the chemical composition and the formation of interlocked or the plastically deformed material flow zone of the joint at an unchanged processing parameter setting. The kernel average misorientation fraction, high angle grain boundaries, and dislocation density are slightly higher at the stir zone of the smooth shoulder-produced welds owing to the higher heat input in the scroll shoulder-produced counterparts. The change of the tool from a smooth shoulder to a scroll shoulder tool produced a slightly more flash (non-uniform), increased peak temperature (409-459°C), caused a rise in the average grains (6.58-7.73 μm) and promoted the fracture load (1359-2249 N) of the welds. Because there is no upper sheet bulging-induced interfacial gap at the brazed zone the tensile result of the scroll shoulder-produced joint has improved.

19

Fabrication of longitudinal welded tube of aluminum alloy for structural application using friction stir welding process and its characterization

Sen Debolina, Pal Surjya Kanta, Panda Sushanta Kumar

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e91, 1--21

EN

Thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes used for structural applications can be produced by various processes among which friction stir welding process (FSW) has emerged rapidly due to its superior welded properties. But, FSW of tubular components is complex due to its curvature which makes it challenging to get the desired quality of the tube. Hence, in the present study, an attempt was made to fabricate longitudinal FSWed tubes of AA5083-O alloy. A novel parameter window highlighting their effects on the weld quality was presented, and the significant process parameters were optimized to get a defect-free good-quality welded tube. In this regard, X-ray micro-computed tomography, hardness and uniaxial tensile tests of the weld zone (WZ) were carried out to assess the weld quality. Negligible amount of porosity was observed in the WZ, and the hardness was comparable to that of the base material. The joint efficiency obtained was 87%, suggesting homogeneity of the WZ. To get further insight into the WZ homogeneity, the failure mechanism along with the microscopic damage initiation characteristic of the tensile samples was studied. Failure of these samples took place in between the nugget zone and the thermo-mechanically affected zone, and a mixed type of fracture was observed. Three types of void nucleation mechanisms viz., inclusion or particle cracking, interface debonding, and matrix cracking coexisted in the welded sample among which particle cracking was the most significant. Also, the surface roughness of the WZ was measured and it was observed that the material flow during the welding process affected the average roughness value.

20

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Sc-modified AA2519-T62 laser beam welded butt joints

Kosturek Robert, Grzelak Krzysztof, Torzewski Janusz, Wachowski Marcin, Śnieżek Lucjan

Advances in Materials Science

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2022

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Vol. 22, nr 4(74)

57--69

EN

The fundamental aim of the research is to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AA2519-T62 laser beam welded joints obtained with various values of welding velocity. For the constant value of laser power (3.2 kW) three joints have been produced with various values of welding velocity: 0.8, 1.1, and 1.4 m/min. The joints have been subjected to microstructure analysis (including both light and scanning electron microscope), microhardness measurements, tensile tests, and fractography of tensile samples. The established values of joint efficiency contain within the range of 55-66% with the highest value (66%) reported for the joint obtained with 1.1 m/min welding velocity. The produced welds have noticeable participation of pores, which tends to increase together with the value of welding velocity. In all cases, the failure has occurred in the fusion zone by ductile fracture.