BazTech - Yadda

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Near-surface geophysical characterization of gully erosion hazard-prone area in Calabar, southern Nigeria

Ebong Ebong Dickson, Urang Job Gideon, Melouah Oualid, Ugi Anthony Ukpongnukpon, Sule Andebutop

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 1

85--96

EN

The electrical resistivity, i.e. electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and direct current-resistivity sounding (DC-ERS), and ground penetrating radar (GPR) methods were deployed to assess a gully erosion site in Bacoco area of Calabar, Nigeria. The study aims to assess the mechanism and dynamics of the gully erosion conditions in the area based on shallow lithostrati-graphic evaluations. The results revealed good contrast in the operative properties (i.e. electrical resistivity and dielectric permittivity) between competent and weak zones along the profiles close to the gully head. The joint interpretations provided reliable shallow subsurface models and lithologies that consist predominantly of lateritic top cover and sands. However, the ERT model delineates the contrast between lithologies and demarcates the weak zones from the relatively competent zones, in contrast to the responses generated by the GPR technique. This joint interpretation approach minimizes the uncertainty due to the non-uniqueness problems common to the geophysical technique. Also, the geophysical interpretations were constrained using lithologic information from the gully walls and one-dimensional (1-D) DC-ERS inverted model to provide additional validity. Our findings suggest the influence of structural control on gully formation and demonstrate its contribution to the complex interactions with other drivers, such as seepages through porous media and high-energy runoff due to intense rainfall. The rapid, non-invasive and environmentally friendly characteristics of ERT and GPR techniques favour their applicability in assessing shallow subsurface environmental problems.

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Ocena biotechnicznej zabudowy wąwozów zboczowych w Opoce Dużej (Wyżyna Lubelska)

Mazur A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

147--156

PL

Badania wykonano w umocnionych wąwozach w Opoce Dużej, gdzie w latach 1962–1964 wykonano przeciwerozyjną zabudowę biotechniczną. Na podstawie badań można stwierdzić, że zastosowana zabudowa wąwozów okazała się skuteczna. Wąwozy nie pogłębiły się i nie powiększyły swoich rozmiarów, a koryto Sanny nie wymagało kosztownego bagrowania. Na dnach wąwozów obserwuje się głównie akumulację materiału glebowego. W ciągu 51 lat na dnach wąwozów osadziło się około 4000 m3 namułów. Budowle hydrotechniczne skutecznie utrwaliły progi erozyjne i dno wąwozu przed erozją liniową oraz przyczyniły się do zatrzymania żyznego materiału glebowego, dzięki czemu powstały korzystniejsze warunki dla wzrostu roślinności. Jednak stosowanie tego typu budowli w wąwozach powinno być ograniczone do niezbędnego minimum ze względu na wysoki koszt zatrzymania m3 materiału ziemnego oraz wprowadzanie sztucznych elementów w krajobraz.

EN

The studies were carried out in consolidated gullies in Opoka Duża, an anti-erosion biotechnical structure created in 1962–1964. On the basis of the studies it can be stated that the applied gullies buildings appeared to be efficient. Gullies did not deepen and did not increase its dimensions, whereas the Sanna river bed did not require expensive dredging. Accumulation of soil material is mainly observed at the bottoms of the gullies. In 51 years, about 4000 m3 of material accumulated at the bottoms. Hydrotechnical structures efficiently strengthened the erosion thresholds and bottoms of gullies against linear erosion and contributed to the inhibition of the fertile soil material creating more favourable conditions for plants growth. However, application of this type of buildings in gullies should be reduced to a necessary minimum, due to the high cost of maintaining a m3 of soil material and the introduction of additional elements in the landscape.

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Rozwój wąwozu drogowego w Gorzkowie (Wyżyna Lubelska)

Mazur A., Grzywna A., Król Ż., Gabryszuk J., Nieścioruk K., Obroślak R.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2015

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Nr 44

89--94

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań natężenia erozji wodnej w wąwozie drogowym w Gorzkowie na Wyżynie Lubelskiej. Program badań opierał się na badaniach terenowych, którymi objęto badania natężenia erozji wodnej, uwzględniając rodzaje i rozmiary szkód erozyjnych. W okresie badań wystąpiły trzy spływy powierzchniowe wód, podczas których powstały szkody erozyjne. Szkody erozyjne w postaci żłobin w dnie wąwozu wyniosły 64,2 m3, a objętość osadzonego materiału ziemnego na dnie wąwozu i w rowie przydrożnym wyniosła 70 m3.

EN

The paper presents the results studies on the intensity of water erosion processes in the road gully in Gorzków on the Lublin Upland. The study program was based mainly on field determinations including the intensity of water erosion processes, taking into account the types and size of erosion damage. During the studies, three surface washouts that led to erosion damage were registered. Erosion damage in a form of rills on the bottom of gully, during the studies, amount- ed to 64.2 m3, and the volume of precipitated soil material on the bottom of gully and the roadside ditch was 70 m3.

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Stacjonarne badania procesów egzogenicznych w strefie brzegowej Zbiornika Brackiego (południe Syberii Wschodniej)

Kaczmarek H., Mazaeva O. A., Kozyreva E. A., Khak V. A.

Landform Analysis

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2012

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Vol. 20

51-63

PL

Strefa brzegowa Zbiornika Brackiego na rzece Angarze jest niezwykle ciekawym przykładem złożonego kompleksu procesów egzogenicznych z wyraźnym wpływem antropopresji, będącej wynikiem utworzenia zbiornika wodnego i jego eksploatacji. Badania monitoringowe, rozpoczęte jeszcze przed utworzeniem zbiornika, wskazują na transformację i intensyfikację przebiegu procesów egzogenicznych zachodzących na tym obszarze przed utworzeniem zbiornika (procesy osuwiskowe, procesy krasowe, erozja linijna), objęcie nimi kolejnych terenów, wcześniej pasywnych, jak również pojawienie się procesów nowych, przedtem nie występujących w tym regionie (procesy eoliczne, procesy abrazyjno-akumulacyjne). Badania te prowadzone są przez pracowników Instytutu Skorupy Ziemskiej RAN, a od kilku lat, w ramach dwustronnych umów, uczestniczą w nich również pracownicy Instytutu Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN.

EN

The Brack Reservoir on Angara river was created in 1967. It is the second in terms of capacity (170 km3) and surface (5,500 km2) man-made lake on Earth. Monitoring tests, that started before the reservoir has been created, gives the information about transformation and intensification of exogenous processes occurring in this area, in comparison to state before reservoir creation (landslides, karst, erosion processes). Those processes have taken new areas. Additionally on this area new processes have appeared as result of reservoir exploitation (eolian processes, accumulation-abrasive processes).

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Rozwój wąwozu drogowego w Wielkopolu (Wyżyna Lubelska)

Mazur A.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2008

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Vol. 17, No. 2

70--77

EN

The paper presents results of 2-years studies on the intensity of water erosion processes in the road gully in Wielkopole near Krasnystaw. Field measurements included inventory of erosion and depositional forms. During the studies, three surface washouts that led to erosion damage were registered. Totally, erosion damage in a form of rills amounted to 144 m3 , and the volume of deposited soil material on the bottom of gully and the roadside ditch was 209 m3.

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Geologiczno-inżynierskie i geomorfologiczne uwarunkowania erozji wąwozowej w lessach w rejonie Kazimierza Dolnego (wąwóz Opolska Droga)

Frankowski Z., Grabowski D.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 9

777-783

EN

The article presents the problem of intense erosion in loess gullies in the locality Kazimierz Dolny. Primary reasons for such a quick development of gullies are: lithogenetic and physical-mechanical characteristics of loess, geomorphological and climatic conditions of the region and also human activity. Gully erosion impedes rural activity and communication in the area and causes considerable damages to local roads. In one of the loess gullies typical for the region, called ,,Opolska Droga” near Kwaskowa Góra, physical and mechanical parameters were examined by field and laboratory tests. The results revealed a clear correlation: shear strength of loess considerably decreases when its natural moisture content increases. What is also important, the structure of loess — loose soil skeleton mostly built of quartz and small amount of cementing clay particles — is prone to erosion. Thus, its adverse susceptibility to influence of water occurs to be primary reason of intensive gully erosion development in the area of Nałęczów Plateau . Additionally, geomorphological and climatic conditions, together with human rural activity (often using gullies as local ways of road transport) result in faster erosion development and, in effect, they lead to disastrous results like those that took place in the region during extreme rainfalls some years ago. Any stabilizing engineering works within loess gullies should be preceded by appropriately designed system for the regulation of run-off in the drainage area.

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Erozja wąwozowa zapisana w odsłanianych korzeniach drzew na Wysoczyźnie Proboszczowickiej pod Górą Św. Anny

Malik I.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 4

326-332

EN

Erosion occurs in permanent gullies cutting into the undulating loess plateau in southern Poland. The gully slopes are mainly vegetated with beech trees as opposed to the surface of the plateau summit, which is cultivated agricultural land, devoid of forests for at least 18 centuries [od 18 wieków czy od XVIII wieku – czyli “since 1700s”?]. Beech roots are exposed in the gullies through erosion. Wood cells in the tree rings divide into early wood and late wood and, after the roots are exposed, also start to make fewer cells. In the roots on the border between exposed and unexposed tree rings in the tree roots, scars sometimes occur. This is an effect produced by corrasion by dolomites and limestones lying under the loess cover and re-deposition of building material stored by people in the higher part of the gullies. These anatomical changes in root tree rings allow one to date erosion episodes. Dating of the exposure of roots indicates that intensive erosion took place in the gullies starting in the 1980s. Since that time, numerous extreme rainfall events responsible for initiating erosion have also occurred. They contribute to deepening valleys causing new incisions to develop on hillslopes and headcut retreat in upper parts of the valleys studied at theWysoczyna Proboszczowicka near Góra św. Anny. The bottom of the valley head eroded during extreme rainfall events in 1984 and 1991. Erosion here alternates with deposition, its speed being relatively small. Incisions in hill slopes retreated during the flood in 1997, but they originated during earlier rainfall episodes. Such incisions retreat 2.5–3 m/year, i.e., relatively fast.

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Erozja wąwozowa w zachodniej części Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskiego

Gardziel Z., Harasimiuk M., Jezierski W., Pawłowski A., Zgłobicki W.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 9

768-776

EN

The areaswith thick loess covers face the risk of intense soil erosion processes as well as gully erosion. The western part of the Nałęczów Plateau is especially prone to particularly high degree of intensive erosion among the region (denudation hazard. The density of the gully network reaches here up to 10 km/km2. The administrative area of Kazimierz Dolny is under extreme threat of severe consequences of erosion processes which appeared with high frequency and caused significant devastation of infrastructure not only on a national but maybe on a European scale as well. Geological conditions together with surface features favour intensive, secondary and anthropogenically conditioned erosion processes. Already in the historical sources there are mentions about the disastrous consequences of torrential rainfalls in the Kazimierz Dolny region. In such conditions the torrential rainfall waters flow quickly down the gully bottoms of considerable inclinations, concentrating on the bottom of Grodarz river valley. As a result it may lead to flooding or silting of crops, the roads may be destroyed or silted and the properties completely flooded. Taking into account the natural and cultural values of Kazimierz Dolny and its surroundings, as well as the presence of the Kazimierz Landscape Park it is necessary to take urgent steps in order to limit the threats considerably.

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Zagrożenie gleb erozją i działania przeciwerozyjne

Józefaciuk A., Józefaciuk C.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2001

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Nr 3

179--191