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1
EN
Purpose: This study focuses on determining the best possible structure of the orthosis made with FDM 3D printing technology. To produce the samples, a thermoplastic PLA material was selected that met the conditions of biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. The samples produced were subjected to a tensile strength test and corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: Studies based on FEM analysis were carried out using the advanced engineering software CAE - Inventor. The samples were designed in the CAD system, while the G-Code path was generated using the PrusaSlicer 2.5.0 program dedicated to the Prusa i3 MK3S+ printer, which was used to create the models. Surface morphology observations of PLA were carried out with a Zeiss SUPRA 35 scanning electron microscope (SEM). The static tensile test was performed on the Zwick/Roell z100 device based on the PN-EN ISO 527:1 standard. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out using the Autolab PGSTAT302N Multi BA potentiostat in Ringer solution at a temperature of 37ºC. Findings: The research allowed the appropriate structure of the orthosis made of PLA polymer material using 3D FDM printing technology. The static tensile test, SEM and corrosion tests confirmed the correct application of this material for the selected purpose. It was possible to determine that samples with holes of 10 mm had the highest strength properties. Due to the tensile tests, the average tensile strength of those samples was around 61 MPa. The corrosion parameters of PLA were determined using Tafel analysis. Research limitations/implications: The research methodology proposed in work can be used to study other biomedical materials. The results presented can be the basis for further tests in order to search for the best orthopaedic stabiliser. Originality/value: The innovative part of the article are three different versions of structures intended for making orthoses used in medicine.
4
Content available remote Wpływ zanieczyszczeń powietrza na zdrowie człowieka, środowisko i materiały
PL
Podwyższone stężenia wielu zanieczyszczeń powietrza, zarówno w środowisku zewnętrznym, jak i wewnętrznym, notowane są w wielu krajach i przyczyniają się m.in. do podwyższonej zachorowalności na choroby układu oddechowego oraz krążenia, a nawet zwiększonej śmiertelności wywołanej przez nie bezpośrednio, jak i pośrednio. Z kolei depozycja (osiadanie) zanieczyszczeń powietrza na powierzchniach naturalnych i sztucznych przyczynia się do szkód w środowisku przyrodniczym, jak również w materiałach wytworzonych przez człowieka. Dotyczy to również urządzeń wentylacyjnych, których prawidłowe funkcjonowanie może również wpływać z kolei na zdrowie i jakość powietrza wewnątrz budynków. Podwyższone stężenia zanieczyszczeń powietrza mogą przyczyniać się do strat ekonomicznych. W przypadku wpływu na zdrowie związane są one przede wszystkim z kosztami nieobecności w pracy, kosztami leczenia czy przedwczesnym zgonem. Obniżenie plonowania roślin uprawnych i ozdobnych lub przyrostu biomasy drzewa mogą być kolejnym czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do strat ekonomicznych poza szkodnikami, patogenami czy ekstremalnymi zjawiskami przyrodniczymi. Uszkodzenia i degradacja urządzeń konstrukcyjnych, wentylacyjnych i innych materiałów przyczynia się natomiast do zwiększenia kosztów ich utrzymania.
EN
Higher concentrations of many air pollutants, both in the outdoor and indoor environments, are recorded in many countries and contribute, among the others, to increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even increased mortality caused by them directly as well as indirectly. In addition, deposition of air pollutants on natural and artificial surfaces contributes to damage to the natural environment, as well as to man-made materials. This is also valid for ventilation systems, which proper functioning might be also affected on indoor air quality and human health. Elevated air pollution concentrations might also cause economic losses. In the case of health impacts, they are primarily related to the cost of absence from work, medical costs, or premature death. Reduced crop yields or tree biomass growth can be another factor contributing to economic losses in addition to pests, pathogens or weather extremes. The damage of construction materials, ventilation system and other materials might also cause an increase in the cost of their maintenance.
EN
Purpose: The issue of shaping the attitude of employee involvement in an organisation is a relatively new area of scientific interest. Shaping employees' attitudes, understood as a conscious influence to consolidate or change them so that they are conducive to the safe operation of building objects, should be of significant importance for any organisation. Attitude is related to behaviour, the most elementary form of human activity, which is externally observable. Design/methodology/approach: Statistical analysis. Findings: The issue of shaping organisational attitudes and behaviours is related to the need to consider the factors that trigger the change process. It is important to diagnose whether the engine of change is the person with a specific attitude or elements from his environment. Research limitations/implications: The article presents a theoretical introduction and the results of diagnostic tests. It proposes actions shaping the attitudes and behaviour of employees regarding the safe operation of buildings, based on the example of the University of Agribusiness in Lomza. Practical implications: The classical approach to the safety of buildings focuses primarily on the technical and engineering side of the building. Planners, designers, contractors, and users of buildings strive to make them the least hazardous to health and life, especially during the operation of the building. At the same time, it is important to bear in mind that safe operation is influenced by the behaviour of facility users, as they are the weakest link in management. Consequently, this is where the reserves for raising the health and safety of building users to a higher level still lie. Originality/value: One of the main factors significantly influencing how an individual will behave when placed in a risky situation is how they perceive the risks involved. People's beliefs about various things can influence their behaviour more strongly than objective reality. To activate the reserves hidden in human behaviour to improve the safety level of buildings, it is necessary to fully recognise the causes and mechanisms that lead users to risky actions. Those behaviours allow the application of appropriate training and supervision methods, and more broadly of management methods, which would induce users to behave safely and to react consciously, directly or indirectly, to emerging risks during the operation of the works.
PL
Artykuł jest kontynuacją cyklu o materiałach stosowanych do wtórnej hydroizolacji budynków. Tym razem autor skupia uwagę na mineralnych zaprawach uszczelniających. Dokładnie opisuje możliwości ich zastosowania, właściwości, a także sposób aplikacji.
EN
The article is a continuation of the series on materials used for secondary waterproofing of buildings. This time, the author focuses on mineral sealing mortars and accurately describes the possibilities of their use, properties, and the method of application.
7
Content available Materials used in the combat aviation construction
EN
In this work, an attempt was made to apply laser surface technology for enhancement of the properties and strengthening the material with addition of ceramic phases in the form of silicon and tungsten carbide particles, leading to a remarkable increase in hardness. Thanks to rapid cooling caused by heat being transferred to the cold substrate, an advantageous, fine-grained structure develops, showing higher gradient morphology; furthermore, the surface layers obtained with laser alloying offer greater heat-resistance and anti-corrosion properties, as well as high wear resistance in addition to the aforementioned hardness, which increases by as much as 15% for the AlSi9Cu4 alloy compared with the alloy after standard heat treatment. Such an increase in the values of the mechanical properties makes it possible to use the investigated alloy in applications including, e.g., recyclable thermally exposed surfaces, such as pistons in internal combustion engines, which enables further decrease in the weight and the thermal expansion with simultaneous increase in the strength, reduction in fuel consumption, and increase in carrying load, speed, and range, which generates the need for further research into the area.
EN
This article analyzes the planning features of small school spaces in different regions of Ukraine between the XIX - XX centuries. The main constructive decisions of typical residential architecture which manifested itself in school construction are identified. On the example of Ukraine, we trace a large number of stylistic and planning borrowings from typical residential architecture of the folk artists and architects from different regions, which manifested itself in rural school construction.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie rozwoju dwóch szeroko stosowanych technik drukowania – fleksografii i wklęsłodruku, nazywanego też rotograwiurą. Opisano stadia rozwoju obu tych technik. Omówiono cechy charakterystyczne każdej z nich, przede wszystkim pod kątem jakości otrzymanych nadruków. Scharakteryzowano również farby drukowe stosowane w każdej z omawianych technik.
EN
The aim of this article was the demonstration of two important printing techniques – flexography and rotogravure. The development steps of both techniques are described. The properties characteristic for each of them are discussed, especially from the print quality point of view. The printing inks used in these techniques are characterized.
10
Content available remote Tarasy wentylowane - studium przypadku
PL
W artykule przybliżono definicję tarasu wentylowanego, a także na przykładzie omówiono specyfikę i montaż tarasu na gruncie. Wymieniono etapy wykonywania robót oraz kryteria doboru odpowiednich materiałów.
EN
The paper gives a definition of a ventilated terrace and also discusses the specifics and installation of a terrace on the ground using an example. The stages of the work and the criteria for selecting appropriate materials are listed.
11
Content available remote Taras wentylowany - studium przypadku
PL
W artykule opisano poprawne wykonanie tarasu wentylowanego krok po kroku. Podkreślono również wagę warstwy hydroizolacyjnej i właściwego doboru materiałów.
EN
The article describes the correct execution of a ventilated terrace – step by step. The importance of the waterproofing layer and the correct selection of materials were also emphasized.
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