Mercury and methylmercury in Baltic Sea sediments, and Polish and Lithuanian soils

• Autorzy: Ignatavičius Gytautas , Unsal Murat H. , Busher Peter E. , Wołkowicz Stanisław , Satkūnas Jonas , Valskys Vaidotas

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1654

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

We review the current environmental pollution by mercury in the soils of Poland and Lithuania and in the sediments of the Baltic Sea. Mercury is documented to have many negative impacts on the environment as a toxic trace element. In many different chemical forms, it is being released into the environment by both geogenic and anthropogenic activities, with most being released from anthropogenic sources. Methylmercury is considered one of the most toxic forms found in the environment. Mercury levels in sediment and various point sources increased after World War II in the Baltic Sea, which was used as a dumpsite. Previous studies show noticeable differences in total mercury in the Baltic Sea. In the Warta and Odra rivers in Poland, mercury levels are also higher than the background value, though recent findings suggest that river sediments are not the main source of mercury to marine sediments. Concentrations in soils in Poland and Lithuania were below the level of limit values (1 and 1.5 mg/kg^-1 respectively), but Upper Silesia showed concentrations (up to 4.01 mg · kg^-1) above the limit values. Furthermore, between 1992 and 2006, mercury levels in Wroc³aw dropped dramatically. The dominant trees in the area can affect mercury accumulation. No data were available for comparison with the soils in Estonia and Latvia.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

mercury; methylmercury; soil; sediment; Lithuania; Poland; Baltic Sea

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 66, No. 3
• Strony: art. no. 22
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 54 poz., map., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Ignatavičius Gytautas

• Vilnius University, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

autor

Unsal Murat H.

• Vilnius University, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania

autor

Busher Peter E.

• Boston University, College of General Studies, Boston, MA 02215, USA

autor

Wołkowicz Stanisław

• Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Satkūnas Jonas

• Nature Research Centre, Laboratory of Climate and Water Research, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania

autor

Valskys Vaidotas

• Vilnius University, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
• Nature Research Centre, Laboratory of Climate and Water Research, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania

Bibliografia

• 1. AMAP/UNEP, 2008. Technical background report to the global atmospheric mercury assessment. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/UNEP Chemicals Branch. 159. Available from: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/technical-background-re-port-to-the-global-atmospheric-mercury-assessment-2008/755
• 2. Ballabio, C., Jiskra, M., Osterwalder, S., Borelli, P., Montanarella, L., Panagos, P., 2021. A spatial assessment of mercury content in the European Union topsoil. Science of the Total Environment, 769: 144-755.
• 3. Baralkiewicz, D., Gramowska, H., Gołdyn, R., Wasiak, W., Kowalczewska-Madura, K., 2007. Inorganic and methyl-mercury speciation in sediments of the Swarzędzkie Lake. Chemistry and Ecology, 23: 93-103.
• 4. Bauer, T., Burgman, L.E., Andreas, L., Lagerkvist, A., 2020. Effects of the different implementation of legislation relating to sewage sludge disposal in the EU. Detritus, 10: 92-99.
• 5. Bełdowska, M., Jędruch, A., Łęczyński, L., Saniewska, D., Kwasigroch, U., 2016. Coastal erosion as a source of mercury into the marine environment along the Polish Baltic shore. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 16372-16382.
• 6. Bełdowski, J., Miotk, M., Bełdowska, M., Pempkowiak, J., 2014. Total, methyl and organic mercury in sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 87: 388-395.
• 7. Bełdowski, J., Szubska, M., Siedlewicz, G., Korejwo, E., Grabowski, M., Bełdowska, M., Kwasigroch, U., Fabisiak, J., Łońska, E., Szala, M., Pempkowiak, J., 2019. Sea dumped ammunition as a possible source of mercury to the Baltic Sea sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 674: 363-373.
• 8. Bernhoft, R.A., 2012. Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012: 460508.
• 9. Bojakowska, I., Gliwicz, T., 2008. Trace metals in sediments of the Warta River basin. Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 24: 23-28.
• 10. Bojakowska, I., Sokołowska, G., 2001. Mercury in mineral raw materials exploited in Poland as potential sources of environmental pollution (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 394: 5-53.
• 11. Boszke, L., Kowalski, A., 2007a. Spatial distribution of mercury in bottom sediments and soils from Poznań, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15: 211-218.
• 12. Boszke, L., Kowalski, A., 2007b. Total mercury in floodplain soils of the Warta River, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16: 517-523.
• 13. Boszke, L., Sobczyński, T., Głosińska, G., Kowalski, A., Siepak, J., 2004. Distribution of mercury and other heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Middle Odra River (Germany/Poland). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13: 495-502.
• 14. Dradrach, A., Karczewska, A., 2013. Mercury in soils of municipal lawns in Wroclaw, Poland. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22: 968-972.
• 15. Erm, A., Voll, M., Buschmann, F., Roots, O., 2014. Profiles of Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, PCDDs, PCDFs and dL-PCB-s in the bottom boundary layer of some North-Estonian coastal areas. IEEE/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC): 1-12, doi: 10.1109/BALTIC.2014.6887865
• 16. Eunomia, 2018. Final implementation report for directive 86/278/EEC on sewage sludge: 2013-2015. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/reporting/pdf/Final_Implementation_Report_2013_2015_Sewage_Sludge.pdf
• 17. FOREGS, 2005. Geochemical Atlas of Europe Part 1 - Background Information, Methodology and Maps. Espoo, Geological Survey of Finland.
• 18. Gębka, K., Bełdowska, M., Szymczak, E., Saniewska, D., 2019. Temporal changes in the content of labile and stabile mercury forms in soil and their inflow to the southern Baltic Sea, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 182: 109434.
• 19. Gruba, P., Socha, J., Pietrzykowski, M., Pasichnyk, D., 2019. Tree species affects the concentration of total mercury (Hg) in forest soils: evidence from a forest soil inventory in Poland. Science of the Total Environment, 647: 141-148.
• 20. Gworek, B., Bemowska-Kałabun, O., Kijeńska, M., Wrzosek-Jakubowska, J., 2016. Mercury in marine and oceanic waters - a review. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 227: 371.
• 21. Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A.H., 2020. Mercury in the terrestrial environment: a review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32: 128.
• 22. HELCOM, 2010. Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea - an integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proc No. 120B.
• 23. Ilyin, I., Rozovskaya, O., Travnikov, O., Aas, W., Pfaffhuber, K.A., 2018. Assessment of heavy metal transboundary pollution on global, regional, and national scales. EMEP Status Report/MSC-E&CCC 2/2018. https://en.msceast.org/reports/2_2018.pdf
• 24. Kodamatani, H., Tomiyasu, T., 2013. Selective determination method for measurement of methylmercury and ethylmercury in soils/sediments samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-chemiluminescence detection coupled with simple extraction technique. Journal of Chromatography A, 1288: 155-159.
• 25. Koniarz, T., Tarnawski, M., Baran, A., Florencka, N., 2015. Mercury contamination of bottom sediments in water reservoirs of southern Poland. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 41: 169-175.
• 26. Kowalski, A., Frankowski, M., 2016. Seasonal variability of mercury concentration in soils, buds and leaves of Acer platanoides and Tilia platyphyllos in central Poland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23: 9614-9624.
• 27. Kwasigroch, U., Bełdowska, M., Jędruch, A., Łukawska-Matuszewska, K., 2021. Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 28: 35690-35708.
• 28. Leipe, T., Moros, M., Kotilainen, A., Vallius, H., Kabel, K., Endler, M., Kowalski, N., 2013. Mercury in Baltic Sea sediments - natural background and anthropogenic impact. Geochemistry, 73: 249-259.
• 29. Leivuori, M., Jokšas, K., Seisuma, Z., Kulikova, I., Petersell, V., Larsen, B., Pedersen, B., Floderus, S., 2000. Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. Boreal Environment Research, 5: 165-185.
• 30. Lepane, V., Varvas, M., Viitak, A., Alliksaar, T., Heinsalu, A., 2007. Sedimentary record of heavy metals in Lake Rõuge Liinjärv, southern Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56: 221-232.
• 31. Lis, J., Pasieczna, A., 1995. Geochemical Atlas of Poland. Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa.
• 32. Małuszyński, M.J., Małuszyńska, I., 2022. The mercury content in the upper layers of soils in the selected area of the Masovian Landscape Park. Sustainability, 14: 405.
• 33. Manzetti, S., 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the Baltic Sea, from the North European coast to the Baltic states, Finland and the Swedish coastline to Norway. Environmental Science, 10.13140/RG.2.2.11144.85769/1.
• 34. Mercury Convention, 2017. Minamata convention on mercury. united nations environment programme. Available from: Minamata-Convention-booklet-eng-full.pdf
• 35. Miotk, M., Beldowski, K., Pempkowiak, J., 2013. Mercury and methylmercury in Southern Baltic Sea sediments. E3S Web of Conferences 1. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20130116005
• 36. Ottesen, R.T., Birke, M., Finne, T.E., Gosar, M., Locutura, J., Reimann, C., Tarvainen, T., 2013. Mercury in European agricultural and grazing land soils. Applied Geochemistry, 33: 1-12.
• 37. Panagos, P., Jiskra, M., Borrelli, P., Liakos, L., Ballabio, C., 2021. Mercury in European topsoils: Anthropogenic sources, stocks and fluxes, Environmental Research, 201: 111556.
• 38. Pasieczna, A., 2012a. Mercury in topsoils of urban areas of Poland (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 60: 46-58.
• 39. Pasieczna, A., 2012b. Polish geochemical atlas. Warsaw. Polish Geological Institute. Available From: https://mapgeochem.pgi.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/print_en-5.pdf
• 40. Paukstys, B., Tornes, J., Kadunas, K., Segar, D., Banks, D., Tucker, Ch., Misund, A., 1997. Assessment methodologies for soil/groundwater contamination at former military bases in Lithuania. Norway's national geological survey. Available from: https://www.ngu.no/en/publikasjon/assessment-methodologies-soil-groundwater-contamination-former-mili- tary-bases-lithuani-0
• 41. Perttilä, M., Albrecht, H., Carman, R., Jensen, A., Jonsson, P., Kankaanpää, H., Larsen, B., Leivuori, M., Niemistö, L., Uścinowicz, Sz., Winterhalter, B., 2003. Contaminants in the Baltic Sea sediments: results of the 1993 ICES/HELCOM Sediments Baseline Study. MERI - Report Series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, 50.
• 42. Raulinaitis, M., Ignatavičius, G., Sinkevičius, S., Oškinis, V., 2012. Assessment of heavy metal con tami nation and spatial distribution in surface and subsurface sediment layers in the northern part of Lake Babrukas. Ekologija, 58: 33-43.
• 43. Robles, J., Lakatos, P., Scharek, Z., Planck, Z., Hernandez, G., Solis, S., Bustos, E., 2014. Characterization and remediation of soils and sediments polluted with mercury: occurrence, transformations, environmental considerations and San Joaquin's Sierra Gorda Case. Environmental Risk Assessment of Soils Contamination 2014: 920.
• 44. Rua-Ibarz, A., Bolea-Fernandez, E., Maage, A., Frantzen, S., Valdersnes, S., Vanhaecke, F., 2016. Assessment of Hg pollution released from a WWII submarine wreck (U-864) by Hg isotopic analysis of sedi ments and cancer pagurus tissues. Environmental Sciences and Technology, 50: 10361-10369.
• 45. Salminen, R., Chekushin, V., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., Petersell, V., Tomilina, O., 2011. Distribution of elements in terrestrial mosses and the organic soil layer in the Eastern Baltic Region. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, 50.
• 46. Sas-Nowosielska, A., Galimska-Stypa, R., Kucharski, R., Zielonka, U., Małkowski, E., Gray, L., 2008. Remediation aspect of microbial changes of plant rhizosphere in mercury contaminated soils. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137: 101-109.
• 47. Siedlewicz, G., Korejwo, E., Szubska, M., Grabowski, M., Kwasigroch, U., Bełdowski, J., 2020. Presence of mercury and methylmercury in Baltic Sea sediments, collected in ammunition dumpsites. Marine Environmental Research, 162: 105158.
• 48. Skrobonja, A., 2019. Formation, uptake, and bioaccumulation of methylmercury in coastal seas - a Baltic Sea case study. Ph.D. Thesis, Umea University.
• 49. Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Andrén, E., 2017. Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in? In: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea (eds. P. Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, H. Schubert and T. Radzie- jewska). Springer, Dordrecht.
• 50. Soerensen, A.L., Schartup, A.T., Gustafsson, E., Gustafsson, B.G., Undeman, E., Björn, E., 2016. Eutrophication increases phytoplankton methylmercury concentrations in a coastal sea a Baltic Sea case study. Environmental Science and Technology, 50: 11787-11796.
• 51. Valentukevičienė, M., Ignatavičius, G., Sinkevičius, S., Satkunas, J., 2013. Lithuania's environment state, process and trend. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267747924_LITHUANIA'S_ENVIRONMENT_STATE_PROCESSES_AND_TRENDS_httpgamtaltfilesLietuvos20gamtine20aplinka202013pdf
• 52. WHO, 2017. Ten chemicals of major health concern. www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemicals_phc/en/index.html
• 53. Wierchowiec, J., Zieliński, K., 2016. Origin of placer gold and other heavy minerals from fluvial Cenozoic sediments in close proximity to Rote Fäule-related Au mineralisation in the North Sudetic Trough, SW Poland. Geological Quarterly, 61 (1): 62-80.
• 54. Zaborska, A., Kosakowska, A., Bełdowski, J., Bełdowska, M., Szubska, M., Walkusz-Miotk, J., Żak, A., Ciechanowicz, A., Wdowiak, M., 2017. The distribution of heavy metals and 137Cs in the central part of the Polish maritime zone (Baltic Sea) - the area selected for wind farm acquisition. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 198, Part B: 471-481.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).