Formaldehyd

• Autorzy: Kupczewska-Dobecka M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Formaldehyde

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Formaldehyd jest bezbarwnym gazem o specyficznym, ostrym, drażniącym zapachu. Około 50% całkowitej produkcji formaldehydu stanowi produkcja żywic formaldehydowych. Związek jest stosowany także w produkcji: klejów, barwników, farb i lakierów. Narażenie na formaldehyd występuje również w przemyśle włókienniczym, gdzie używa się go jako składnika kąpieli apreterskich. Bywa stosowany ponadto w: przemyśle papierniczym, fotograficznym, garbarskim, gumowym, rafineryjnym, odlewniczym i budownictwie. W medycynie i biologii formaldehyd jest stosowany w postaci formaliny lub para formaldehydu w celach dezynfekcyjnych oraz jako środek konserwujący i utrwalający preparaty medyczne i biologiczne. Według informacji uzyskanych przez Instytut Medycyny Pracy w Łodzi z wojewódzkich stacji sanitarno-epidemiologicznych w 2000 r. liczba osób zawodowo narażonych na formaldehyd o stężeniach powyżej obowiązującej wartości NDS (0,5 mg/m3) wynosiła ogółem 2196. Można przypuszczać, że w rzeczywistości liczba osób narażonych zawodowo na formaldehyd jest znacznie większa. W obrazie inhalacyjnego zatrucia formaldehydem u ludzi dominują objawy działania drażniącego na spojówki oczu i błony śluzowe dróg oddechowych, a także zaburzenia czynności płuc i nadreaktywność oskrzeli. Wyniki obserwacji w kierunku występowania objawów działania drażniącego w zależności od stężenia formaldehydu w powietrzu i długości czasu narażenia pochodzą przede wszystkim z badań na ochotnikach. Podrażnienie oczu jest najbardziej czułym parametrem w przypadku narażenia na formaldehyd. Wartości stężeń od 0,369 mg/m3 (0,3 ppm) z pikami do 0,74 mg/m3 (0,6 ppm) oraz od 0,615 mg/m3 (0,5 ppm) z pikami do 1,23 mg/m3 (1 ppm) przyjęto odpowiednio za subiektywną i obiektywną wartość NOAEL. Wyznaczono, na podstawie oszacowań przeprowadzonych przez grupy eksperckie, wartość NOAEL dla miejscowego działania drażniącego formaldehydu na poziomie 0,37 mg/m3 (0,3 ppm). Na podstawie wyników badań na zwierzętach narażanych inhalacyjnie na działanie formaldehydu u szczurów stwierdzono raki płaskonabłonkowe nosa. Ze względu na uzyskanie tych wyników badań na zwierzętach obserwacje u ludzi dotyczyły prześledzenia związku między występowaniem raka nosa i gardła oraz raka zatokowonosowego a narażeniem na formaldehyd. Kontrowersje istniały również wokół potencjalnego związku między zwiększoną zapadalnością na nowotwory płuc i białaczki a zawodowym narażeniem na formaldehyd w przemyśle. Grupa Robocza IARC uwzględniła w 2006 r. w procesie klasyfikacji pod kątem działania rakotwórczego formaldehydu – statystycznie znamienny wzrost występowania zgonów z powodu raków nosogardła w kohorcie składającej się z osób narażonych na formaldehyd w warunkach przemysłowych (praca podczas produkcji i/lub stosowania formaldehydu) i w grupie osób balsamujących zwłoki, chociaż w innych badaniach kohortowych raportowano mniej przypadków występowania raków nosogardła niż to było oczekiwane. W IARC uznano, że istnieją wystarczające epidemiologiczne dowody na to, że formaldehyd wywołuje raka nosogardła u ludzi, natomiast istniejące dowody są niewystarczające, aby uznać, że formaldehyd może powodować raka zatokowonosowego i białaczki u osób narażonych w przemyśle. Dane pochodzące z badań na zwierzętach stały się podstawą ilościowej oceny ryzyka wystąpienia dodatkowego nowotworu u ludzi. Mimo ciągle wielu niewiadomych wyliczenia te wskazują na niewielkie ryzyko pojawienia się nowotworów po narażeniu na formaldehyd o stężeniu poniżej 1 mg/m3. Według najnowszych szacowań ryzyko wystąpienia dodatkowych przypadków nowotworu nosa u ludzi narażonych na formaldehyd o stężeniu 0,37 mg/m3 (0,3 ppm) przez 40 lat wynosi 10-7 ÷ 10-8. Za skutek krytyczny ustalenia wartości NDS formaldehydu przyjęto działanie drażniące związku na błony śluzowe oczu i nosa. Do wyliczenia wartości NDS przyjęto wartość NOAEL (tzw. „obiektywną”) równą 0,615 mg/m3 (0,5 ppm) i wyznaczoną w badaniu na ochotnikach przeprowadzonym w 2007 r., w którym narażano 21 ochotników 10 razy, w ciągu kolejnych 10 dni, przez 4 h na formaldehyd o stężeniach: 0,18; 0,37 i 0,62 mg/m3 (0,15; 03 i 0,5 ppm). Octan etylu o stężeniach 43,2 ÷ 57,6 mg/3 (12 ÷ 16 ppm) był używany podczas 4 z 10 sesji jako czynnik maskujący zapach formaldehydu. Proponuje się przyjęcie stężenia 0,24 mg/m3 formaldehydu za wartość NDS, tj. zgodnie z wartością dopuszczalnego poziomu narażenia zawodowego zaproponowaną przez SCOEL (projekt trzeciego wykazu indykatywnych dopuszczalnych wartości narażenia zawodowego), a także przyjęcie stężenia 0,48 mg/m3 związku za wartość NDSCh ze względu na działanie drażniące formaldehydu oraz oznakowanie normatywu literami: „A” – substancja o działaniu uczulającym, „C” – substancja o działaniu żrącym oraz „Sk” – substancja wchłania się przez skórę.

EN

Formaldehyde is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. Its widest use is in the production of resins with urea, phenol and melamine and, to a small extent, their derivatives. It is also used in the production of adhesives and binders for the wood, plastics, textiles, leather and related industries. Formaldehyde is used extensively as an intermediate in the manufacturing of industrial chemicals. Formaldehyde causes local irritation, acute and chronic toxicity and has genotoxic and cytotoxic properties. Vapors are highly irritating to the eye and the respiratory tract. Acute effects include nausea, headaches, and difficult breathing. Formaldehyde can also induce or exacerbate asthma. Chronic exposure is associated with respiratory symptoms and eye, nose and throat irritation. Repeated exposure of skin to the liquid causes irritation and allergic dermatitis. The most reliable data are obtained in controlled studies with volunteers. Twenty-one volunteers were examined over a 10-week period. Measurements were related to conjunctival redness, blinking frequency, nasal flow and resistance, pulmonary function and reaction times. Subjective assessments included discomfort; the influence of personality factors on subjective scoring was also evaluated. The authors concluded that eye irritation was the most sensitive parameter recorded, and that the no-observed-adverseeffect levels for subjective and objective eye irritation were 0.37 mg/m3 and 0.615 mg/m3 (0.3 and 0.5 ppm) respectively. International Agency for Research on Cancer classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human to group 1. Three types of cancers were assessed: nasopharyngeal cancer, leukaemia and sinonasal cancer. There was sufficient evidence that formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer, strong but not sufficient evidence of leukaemia and limited evidence of sinonasal cancer. On the basis of the latest data the risk of nose cancer was assessed as 10-7 ÷ 10-8 for formaldehyde concentration of 0.37 mg/m3/40 years. Maximum admissible concentration value of formaldehyde in the working environment in Poland has been established as 0.24 mg/m3 as a time weighed value and 0.48 mg/m3 as short-term based on the irritation effect. The verification of the MAC value of formaldehyde in the working environment is supposed to be adapted to European standards. Vacatio legis was established until 20 March 2008.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

formaldehyd; narażenie zawodowe; działanie rakotwórcze; NDS

EN

formaldehyde; occupational exposure; carcinogenicity; MAC

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: Nr 3 (57)
• Strony: 51--125
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 317 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Kupczewska-Dobecka M.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

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