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Bioenergy from logging residues is an important contributor to Swedish energy supplies. Thus, accurate measurements of delivered logging residues’ energy contents are very important for both sellers and buyers. Deliveries’ energy contents are highly correlated with their moisture contents, and thus are determined in southern Sweden (and elsewhere) by measuring their masses and moisture contents. There is insufficient knowledge, however, about the variation in moisture content within and between deliveries, and hence the minimum number of samples needed to obtain the required precision. Thus, these variations were examined in detail in the presented study. Nested analysis of the variance of the acquired data shows that at least nine samples are required to obtain estimates of a delivery’s moisture content with a 3% margin of error. For high volume trade, such as that between forest companies and the energy-conversion industry, current measurement practices are sufficiently accurate. For private forest owners making single deliveries, however, higher precision is required as inaccurate measurements can strongly affect prices.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
99--110
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 30 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
autor
- Department of Mathematics, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
autor
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
autor
- Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Bibliografia
- BioNorm II [2011]: BioNorm II – Final Report – BioNorm (Pre normative work on sampling and testing of solid biofuels for the development of quality management). [accessed 8.24.2015] Available from: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/52954_en.html
- Björklund L., Eriksson U. [2013]: Torrhaltsbestämning på sönderdelat skogsbränsle. Meddelande 2013-06-19 (Dry matter determination of comminuted forest fuels. Message 2013-06-19). SDC, Uppsala, Sweden. (In Swedish). [accessed 6.04.2014] Available from: www.sdc.se
- de Jong J., Akselsson C., Berglund H., Egnell G., Gerhardt K., Lönnberg L., Olsson B., von Stedingk H. (ed.) [2012]: Konsekvenser av ett ökat uttag av skogsbränsle. En syntes från Energimyndighetens bränsleprogram 2007-2011. ER 2012:08 (Consequences of an increased extraction of forest fuel. A synthesis of the Swedish Energy Agency's fuel programme 2007-2011. ER 2012:08). Energimyndigheten, Eskilstuna (In Swedish)
- Erber G., Kanzian C., Stampfer K. [2012]: Predicting moisture content in a pine logwood pile for energy purposes. Silva Fennica 46 (4): 555-567
- Filbakk T., Høibø O.A., Dibdiakova J., Nurmi J. [2011]: Modelling moisture content and dry matter loss during storage of logging residues for energy. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 26: 267-277
- Gautam S., Pulkki R., Shahi C., Leitch M. [2012]: Fuel quality changes in full tree logging residues storage in roadside slash piles in Northwestern Ontario. Biomass and Bioenergy 42: 43-50
- Hakkila P. [1989]: Utilization of residual forest biomass. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
- Jirjis R. [1995]: Storage and drying of wood fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 9: 181-190
- Jirjis R., Lethikangas P. [1993]: Bränslekvalitet och substansförluster vid vältlagring av hyggesrester (Fuel quality and dry matter loss during storage of logging residues in a windrow). Department of forest products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Report No 236. (In Swedish)
- Kofman P.D., Kent T. [2009]: Long term storage and seasoning of conifer energy wood. Coford connects – Harvesting/Transportaions 20: 1-4
- Montgomery D.C. [2009]: Design and analysis of experiments. 7th ed. New York: John Wiley & Son
- Nilsson B., Blom Å., Thörnqvist T. [2013]: The influence of two different handling methods on the moisture content and composition of logging residues. Biomass and Bioenergy 52: 34-42
- Nilsson B., Nilsson D., Thörnqvist T. [2015]: Distributions and losses of logging residues at clear-felled areas during extraction for bioenergy: Comparing dried- and fresh-stacked method. Forests 6: 4212-4227
- Nurmi J. [1992]: Measurement and evaluation of wood fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 2: 57-171
- Nurmi J. [1999]: The storage of logging residues for fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy 17: 41-47
- Nurmi J., Hillebrand K. [2001]: The fuel quality of Norway spruce logging residues in relation to storage logistics. Forest Research Bulletin 223: 42-46
- Nylinder M., Törnmarck J. [1986]: Mätning av bränsleflis, spån och bark. (Scaling of fuelchips, sawdust and bark). Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Report 173. (In Swedish)
- Pettersson M., Nordfjell T. [2007]: Fuel quality changes during seasonal storage of compacted logging residues and young trees. Biomass and Bioenergy 31: 782-792
- Routa J., Asikainen A., Björheden R., Laitila J., Röser D. [2013]: Forest energy procurement: state of the art in Finland and Sweden. WIREs Energy Environ 2: 602-613
- Sahai H., Ojeda M.M. [2005]: Analysis of variance for random models. Volume 2. Unbalanced Data. Springer.
- Samuelsson R., Burvall J., Jirjis R. [2006]: Comparison of different methods for the determination of moisture content in biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy 30: 929-934
- Suadicani K., Gamborg C. [1999] Fuel quality of whole-tree chips from freshly felled and summer dried Norway spruce on a poor sandy soil and a rich loamy soil. Biomass and Bioenergy 17: 199-208
- Swedish Energy Agency [2015]: Energy in Sweden – Fact and Figures 2015. Swedish Energy Agency, Eskilstuna, Sweden. (In Swedish) [accessed 9.10.2015] Available from: www.energimyndigheten.se
- Swedish Forestry Agency [2014]: Skogsstyrelsens författningssamling – Skogsstyrelsens föreskrifter om virkesmätning SKSFS 2014:11 (Swedish Forest Agency’s statutes – Swedish Forest Agencys regulations on timber measurements SKSFS 2014:11). Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping, Sweden. (In Swedish) [accessed 6.18.2015] Available from: www.skogsstyrelsen.se
- Swedish statutes [2014]: Svensk författningssamling – Förordning om virkesmätning SFS 2014:1006 (Swedish statutes – Regulations on timber measurements). Nordstedts Juridik, Sweden (In Swedish) [accessed 6.12.2015] Available from: www.riksdagen.se
- Thorsén Å., Björheden R., Eliasson L. [2011]: Efficient forest fuel supply systems – Composite report from a four year R&D programme 2007-2010. Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala, Sweden
- Thörnqvist T. [1985]: Drying and storage of forest residues for energy production. Biomass 7: 125-134
- List of standards
- EN 14918:2010. Solid biofuels – Determination of calorific value
- EN 14778:2011. Solid biofuels – Sampling
- EN ISO 18134-2:2015 Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture content – Oven dry method – Part 2: Total moisture – Simplified method
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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