Membrane separation techniques : removal of inorganic and organic admixtures and impurities from water environment : review

Bodzek, Michał

doi:10.24425/aep.2019.130237

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Membrane separation techniques : removal of inorganic and organic admixtures and impurities from water environment : review

Autorzy

Bodzek Michał

Treść / Zawartość

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Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/aep.2019.130237

Warianty tytułu

Membranowe techniki separacji : usuwanie domieszek i zanieczyszczeń nieorganicznych i organicznych ze środowiska wodnego

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Introduction and development of membrane techniques in the production of drinking water and purifi cation of wastewaters, in the last 40 years, was important stage in the fi eld of water treatment effectiveness. Desalination of sea and brackish water by RO is an established way for drinking water production. Signifi cant improvements in design of RO, the application of alternative energy sources, modern pretreatment and new materials have caused the success of the process. NF is the method of water softening, because NF membranes can retain di- and multivalent ions, but to a limited extend monovalent. Drinking water containing viruses, bacteria and protozoa, as well as other microorganisms can be disinfected by means of UF. Viruses are retained by UF membranes, whereas bacteria and protozoa using both UF and MF membranes. For the removal of NOM it is possible to use direct NF or integrated systems combining UF or MF with coagulation, adsorption and oxidation. The use of NF, RO and ED, in the treatment of water containing micropollutants for drinking and industrial purposes, can provide more or less selective removal of the pollutants. The very important are disinfection byproducts, residue of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds. For endocrine disrupting compounds, special attention is paid onto polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and surface-active substances, chlorinated pesticides, phthalates, alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, hormones, synthetic pharmaceuticals and other substances disposed to the environment. The application of MF and UF in the removal of inorganic and organic micropollutants is possible in integrated systems with: coagulation, adsorption, complexion with polymers or surfactants and biological reactions.

Zanieczyszczenia występujące w ujmowanych wodach, powodują, że skuteczne oczyszczanie jest kłopotliwe, a układ (schemat technologiczny) oczyszczania powinien być opracowywany indywidualnie dla danej wody na podstawie badań technologicznych. Aby zapewnić wymaganą jakość wody do picia bezpiecznych dla zdrowia i życia konsumentów, często niezbędne jest stosowanie niekonwencjonalnych i wysokoefektywnych procesów, mimo podwyższenia kosztów i potrzeby bardzo starannej i profesjonalnej eksploatacji układu oczyszczania wody. Ponadto, niedogodności związane z tradycyjnym oczyszczaniem wód naturalnych oraz zmieniające się podejście, co do koncepcji uzdatniania wód dla celów konsumpcyjnych, przede wszystkim wzrastające wymagania odnośnie jakości wody do picia, stwarzają możliwości zastosowania nowych technik separacji, wśród których metody membranowe mają największe zalety i możliwości i są obecnie brane pod uwagę jako procesy alternatywne. W uzdatnianiu wody i oczyszczaniu ścieków stosuje się przede wszystkim techniki membranowe, których siłą napędową jest różnica ciśnień po obu stronach membrany, ale brane są pod uwagę też inne procesy jak elektrodializa, perwaporacja, destylacja membranowa i membrany ciekłe. Wybór odpowiedniego procesu membranowego zależy od zakresu wielkości występujących i usuwanych z wody zanieczyszczeń i domieszek. Techniki membranowe mogą być stosowane do usuwania zanieczyszczeń z wody jako procesy samodzielne, lub w połączeniu z uzupełniającymi procesami jednostkowymi, tworząc systemy hybrydowe. W pracy omówiono możliwości wykorzystania technik membranowych w uzdatnianiu wód naturalnych. Odwrócona osmoza zatrzymuje jony jednowartościowe i większość związków organicznych małocząsteczkowych i jest stosowana do odsalania wód oraz do usuwania jonów azotanowych i mikrozanieczyszczeń organicznych. Membrany nanofiltracyjne zatrzymują koloidy, szereg związków organicznych małocząsteczkowych oraz jony dwuwartościowe; można je zatem zastosować do zmiękczania wody i usuwania mikrozanieczyszczeń organicznych. Ultrafiltracja i mikrofiltracja stanowią barierę dla substancji rozproszonych i mikroorganizmów i dlatego można je stosować do klarowania i dezynfekcji wody oraz jako metoda usuwania mętności wody. Procesy hybrydowe obejmujące techniki membranowe stosuje się do uzdatniania wody do picia w połączeniu z ozonowaniem, koagulacją, adsorpcją na węglu aktywnym do usuwania niżej cząsteczkowych związków organicznych lub w bioreaktorach do usuwania azotanów.

Słowa kluczowe

membrane techniques water desalination and softening natural organic matter removal of inorganic micropollutants removal organic micropollutants

techniki membranowe odsalanie i zmiękczanie wody naturalna materia organiczna usuwanie mikroskładników nieorganicznych usuwanie mikroskładników organicznych

Wydawca

Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences

Czasopismo

Archives of Environmental Protection

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Vol. 45, no. 4

Strony

4--19

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 100 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Bodzek Michał

michal.bodzek@ipis.zabrze.pl

Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

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