Sprawcy podpalenia – charakterystyka psychologiczna

• Autorzy: Piotrowski P.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12845/bitp.45.1.2017.7

Warianty tytułu

EN

Firesetters – Psychological Profile

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Cel: Celem pracy jest dokonanie przeglądu badań oraz koncepcji teoretycznych dotyczących zarówno psychologicznego funkcjonowania sprawców podpaleń, jak i kryminologicznych aspektów przestępstw polegających na umyślnym wzniecaniu pożarów. Metody: W pracy przeanalizowano angielskojęzyczną oraz polską literaturę na temat psychologicznego, kryminologicznego i psychiatrycznego podłoża przestępczego wywoływania pożarów. Wyniki: Podpalenie to jedno z przestępstw powodujących poważne zagrożenie porządku publicznego oraz niebezpieczeństwo odniesienia obrażeń, utraty życia i mienia przez jednostki. Popełnienie tego czynu nie wymaga najczęściej ani szczególnych umiejętności, ani pomocy innych osób, a sprawcom dość łatwo jest zachować anonimowość. W literaturze wyróżnia się najczęściej kilka głównych motywów popełnienia przestępstwa podpalenia. Są to: zemsta, podniecenie, wandalizm, maskowanie dowodów, odnoszenie korzyści oraz ekstremizm polityczny (terroryzm). W opracowaniu omówiono między innymi jedną z najnowszych koncepcji wyjaśniających tło przyczynowe podpaleń – wielotorową teorię podpaleń. Populacja sprawców podpaleń jest wewnętrznie zróżnicowana. Gdyby jednak dokonać zabiegu ekstrapolacji, typowym sprawcą podpalenia okazałby się młody mężczyzna o niskim statusie społecznym i zawodowym, notowany przez policję, zmagający się z problemami natury psychologicznej lub psychiatrycznej, których źródeł można doszukiwać się w dysfunkcyjnym środowisku wychowawczym. Wnioski: Literatura poświęcona psychologicznym uwarunkowaniom dokonywania podpaleń nie jest zbyt bogata. Uzyskanie jednoznacznych danych jest utrudnione z kilku względów. Przede wszystkim badacze reprezentujący nauki społeczne nie są zgodni co do terminologii dotyczącej przestępczego wzniecania pożarów. Ponadto niektóre projekty badawcze obejmują stosunkowo niewielką grupę podpalaczy. Charakterystyka osób wzniecających pożary jest też niejednokrotnie wycinkowa w tym sensie, że koncentruje się wyłącznie na wybranym aspekcie zjawiska. Nawet jeśli uznamy, że dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na temat psychospołecznych przyczyn podpaleń nie jest zadawalający, dotychczas zgromadzone dane będzie można wykorzystać w procesie opracowywania metod oddziaływań prewencyjnych i terapeutycznych. Powinny one uwzględniać psychologiczne i kryminologiczne mechanizmy leżące u podstaw przestępczego wzniecania pożarów oraz wewnętrzne zróżnicowanie populacji sprawców.

EN

Aim: To review the literature on research and theoretical concepts related to the psychological functioning of firesetters and the criminological aspects of arson (deliberate firesetting). Methods: A thorough analysis of the English and Polish literature on the psychological, criminological and psychiatric determinants of criminal arson. Results: Arson is a crime causing threat to public order and resulting in injuries, death or property damage for individuals. It is easy to start a fire, because it does not require special skills or help from other people; it is also relatively easy for perpetrators to remain anonymous. According to the literature on the subject, the main motives for committing arson include revenge, excitement, vandalism, crime-concealment, profit and political extremism (terrorism). The article provides an overview of the latest concepts explaining the causal background of criminal arson, including the FBI classification, the Canter and Fritzon typology, Fritzon’s et al. analysis of firesetting as an “action system”, Jackson’s functional analysis of arson and Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF). The population of deliberate firesetters is not a homogenous group. However, some conclusions on the characteristics of this group can be drawn. “The typical fire-raiser” is likely to be a young, single male, usually of low social and professional status, with a police record, struggling with psychological or psychiatric problems, whose sources can be traced back to a dysfunctional family environment. Conclusions: The literature on the psychological conditions of firesetting is still relatively scarce. Achieving a clear understanding is difficult for several reasons. First of all, there is no consensus among social scientists on the terminology used to describe criminal arson. Some research projects include a relatively small group of firesetters. The profile of offenders is often partial in the sense that it focuses only on the selected aspect of the phenomenon. Even if we assume that the current state of knowledge on the psychosocial causes of arson is not satisfactory, the collected data should be considered when designing prevention and treatment programmes. In particular, psychological correlates and criminological mechanisms underlying firesetting, along with the internal diversity of the population of offenders, should be taken into account.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

podpalenie; psychologia; motywacja; przestępca

EN

arson; psychology; motivation; offender

• Wydawca: Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 45, iss. 1
• Strony: 88--100
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 111 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Piotrowski P.

• Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie

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