Application possibilities of scanning acoustic microscopy in the assessment of explosive welding

• Autorzy: Korzeniowski Marcin , Białobrzeska Beata , Lewandowska Anna

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/msp-2022-0035

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The last two decades have brought stable and impressive development accompanied by the industry acceptance of the use of high energy techniques based on energy obtained from explosive detonation energy. Such manufacturing processes are not only commercially viable, but also allow complex product shapes and unique combinations of metal sheets in terms of materials to be obtained; they enable the creation of composites which cannot be obtained by other conventional methods. Plated sheets are composed of a base material and a thinner plating material layer. An essential aspect in the validation of explosive welding is the quality control of joints made using this technology. The basic control methods are destructive tests – mainly metallographic, which reveal the microstructure at the connection boundary. Non-destructive tests, used in industrial practice, are classical, normalised ultrasonic tests of welding joints, conducted in accordance with ISO 17640:2017 and ISO 11666:2018 standards. Due to the relatively low thickness of the explosion-tested layers (2 mm and 3 mm single layers), which is the object of this study, assessing them using widely available ultrasonic techniques is limited. According to current scientific studies, the application of the scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a prospective non-destructive method allowing for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the continuity of the metallic connection on the contact surface of two materials. This paper presents the results of research on the quality of clads, welded explosively using a non-destructive research technique, namely SAM, verified with metallographic tests.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

non-destructive testing; scanning acoustic microscopy; cladding; explosive welding; metallography

• Wydawca: De Gruyter
• Czasopismo: Materials Science Poland
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 40, No. 3
• Strony: 93--111
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 58 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Korzeniowski Marcin

• Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław

autor

Białobrzeska Beata

• Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław

autor

Lewandowska Anna

• Student of Mechanical Engineering and Machine Building, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław

Bibliografia

• [1] Hay DR. Explosive welding: applications and techniques. In: Timmerhaus KD, editor. High-pressure science and technology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 1979. pp. 1813–36.
• [2] Deribas AA. Explosive welding, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberia, Russia; 1967.
• [3] US patent 3,137,937 GR Cowan, J. Douglas, A. Holtzman. “Explosive bonding” – published a patent on the explosive welding process 1960.
• [4] Walczak W. Explosive welding of metals. Warsaw (in Polish): Scientific and Technical Publishing House; 1989.
• [5] Han JH, Ahn JP, Shin MC. Effect of interlayer thickness on shear deformation behaviour of AA5083 aluminium alloy/SS41 steel plates manufactured by explosive welding. J Mater Sci. 2003;38(1):13–8.
• [6] Balasubrahmanian V, Rathinasabapathi M, Raghukandan K. Modelling of process parameters in explosive cladding of mild steel and aluminium. J Mater Process Technol. 1997;63(1–3):83–8.
• [7] Acarer M, Demir B. An investigation of mechanical and metallurgical properties of explosive welded aluminium–dual phase steel. Mater Lett. 2008;62:4158–60.
• [8] Kahraman N, Gulenc B, Findik F. Joining of titanium/stainless steel by explosive welding and effect on interface. J Mater Process Technol. 2005;169(2):127–33.
• [9] Mudali UK, Rao BMA, Shanmugam K, Natarajan R, Raj B. Corrosion and microstructural aspects of dissimilar joints of titanium and type 304L stainless steel. J Nucl Mater. 2003;321(1):40–8.
• [10] Mousavi SAAA, Sartangi PF. Experimental investigation of explosive welding of cp-titanium/AISI 304 stainless steel. Mater Des. 2009;30(3):459–68.
• [11] Akbari-Mousavi SAA, Barrett LM, Al-Hassani STS. Explosive welding of metal plates. J Mater Process Technol. 2008;202(1–3):224–39.
• [12] Akbari-Mousavi SAA, Al-Hassani STS, Atkins AG. Bond strength of explosively welded specimens. Mater Des. 2008;29(7):1334–52.
• [13] Manikandan P, Hokamoto K, Fujita M, Raghukandan K, Tomoshige R. Control of energetic conditions by employing interlayer of different thickness for explosive welding of titanium/304 stainless steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2008;195(1–3):232–40.
• [14] Ege ES, Inal OT, Zimmerly CA. Response surface study on production of explosively-welded aluminum–titanium laminates. J Mater Sci. 1998;33:5327–38.
• [15] Mousavi SAA, Sartangi PF. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the interface microstructure of explosively welded titanium–stainless steel composite. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;494(1–2):329–36.
• [16] Gerland M, Presles HN, Guin JP, Bertheau D. Explosive cladding of a thin Ni-film to an aluminium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2000;280(2):311–9.
• [17] Livne Z, Munitz A. Characterization of explosively bonded iron and copper plates. J Mater Sci. 1987;22:1495–500.
• [18] Durgutlu A, Gulenc B, Fındık F. Examination of copper/stainless steel joints formed by explosive welding. Mater Des. 2005;26(6):497–507.
• [19] Kahraman N, Gulenc B. Microstructural and mechanical properties of Cu–Ti plates bonded through explosive welding process. J Mater Process Technol. 2005;169(1):67–71.
• [20] Raghukandan K. Analysis of the explosive cladding of Cu–low carbon steel plates. J Mater Process Technol. 2003;139(1–3):573–7.
• [21] Belyakov VA, Fabritsiev SA, Mazul IV, Rowcliffe AF. Status of international collaborative efforts on selected. J Nucl Mater. 2000;283–287(2):962–7.
• [22] Tavassoli F. Overview of advanced techniques for fabrication and testing of ITER multilayer plasma facing walls. Fusion Eng Des. 1998;39–40:189–200.
• [23] Durgutlu A, Okuyucu H, Gulenc B. Investigation of effect of the stand-off distance on interface characteristics of explosively welded copper and stainless steel. Mater Des. 2008;29(7):1480–4.
• [24] Wronka B. Testing of explosive welding and welded joints. The microstructure of explosive welded joints and their mechanical properties. J Mater Sci. 2010;45(13):3465–9.
• [25] Mamalis AG, Szalay A, Vaxevanidis NM, Manolakos DE. Fabrication of bimetallic rods by explosive cladding and warm extrusion. J Mater Process Technol. 1998;83(1–3):48–53.
• [26] Ashani JZ, Bagheri SM. Explosive scarf welding of aluminum to copper plates and their interface properties. Materwiss Werksttech. 2009;40(9):690–8.
• [27] Gulenc B. Investigation of interface properties and weld-ability of aluminium and copper plates by explosive welding method. Mater Des. 2008;29(1):275–8.
• [28] Kawamura Y. Liquid phase and supercooled liquid phase welding of bulk metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004;375(1):112–9.
• [29] Hokamoto K, Nakata K, Mori A, Ii S, Tomoshige R, Tsuda S, et al. Microstructural characterization of explosively welded rapidly solidified foil and stainless steel plate through the acceleration employing underwater shock wave. J Alloys Compd. 2009;485(1–2):817–21.
• [30] Liu WD, Liu KX, Chen QY, Wang JT, Yan HH, Li XJ. Metallic glass coating on metals plate by adjusted explosive welding technique. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;255(23):9343–7.
• [31] Findik F. Recent developments in explosive welding. Mater Des. 2011;32(3):1081–93.
• [32] Gloc M, Wachowski M, Plocinski T, Kurzydlowski KJ. Microstructural and microanalysis investigations of bond titanium grade1/low alloy steel st52-3N obtained by explosive welding. J Alloys Compd. 2016;671(C):446–51.
• [33] El-Sobky H. Mechanics of explosive welding. In: Blazynski TZ, editor. Explosive welding, forming and compaction. Dordrecht: Springer; 1983. pp 189–217.
• [34] Walczak W, Czajkowski H. Explosive welding of metals. Warsaw (in Polish): Scientific and Technical Publishing House; 1970.
• [35] Wronka B. Ultrasonic flaw detection for quality assessment of explosively clad plates. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/171279.
• [36] Kuz’min EV, Kuz’min SV, Lysak VI, Lata AN. Plastic deformation and wave formation on the interface of metals welded by ultrasonic-assisted explosive welding. J Phys Conf Ser. 2017;894(1):012047.
• [37] Yu H. Scanning acoustic microscopy for material evaluation. Appl Microsc. 2020;50:25.
• [38] Behrens BA, Maier HJ, Poll G, Overmeyer L, Wester H, Uhe J, et al. Influence of degree of deformation on welding pore reduction. Prod Eng. 2021;15:161–168.
• [39] Xiao Z, Zeng K, He X, Zhang L. Fatigue strength and failure analysis of weld-bonded joint of stainless steel. J Adhes. 2019;95(3):187–203.
• [40] Kubit T, Trzepiecinski T, Faes K, Drabczyk M, Bochnowski W, Korzeniowski M. Analysis of the effect of structural defects on the fatigue strength of RFSSW joints using C-scan scanning acoustic microscopy and SEM. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct. 2019;42(6):1308–1321.
• [41] Li M, Li X, Gao Ch, Song Y. Acoustic microscopy signal processing method for detecting near-surface defects in metal materials. NDT E Int. 2019;103:130–44.
• [42] Zhua Y, Wanga L, Behnamianb Y, Songa S, Wanga R, Gaoa Z, et al. Metal pitting corrosion characterized by scanning acoustic microscopy and binary image processing. Corros Sci. 2020;170:108685.
• [43] Pitta Bauermann L, Mesquita LV, Bischoff C, Drews M, Fitz O, Heuer A, et al. Scanning acoustic microscopy as a non-destructive imaging tool to localize defects inside battery cells. J Power Sources. 2020;6:100035.
• [44] Arakawa M, Kanaiba H, Ishikawa K, Nagaoka R, Kobayashi K, Saijo Y. A method for the design of ultrasonic devices for scanning acoustic microscopy using impulsive signals. Ultrasonics. 2018;84:172–9.
• [45] Ahsan Q, Kato H. Ultrasonic evaluation at the interface of aluminum/steel. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng. 2019;554:012010.
• [46] Coleman BD, Hodgdon ML. On the localization of strain shearing motions of ductile materials. Res Mechanica. 1988;23(2):223–38.
• [47] Magier M. The role of adiabatic shear bands effect in penetration process. Issues of Armament Technology. 2018;147(3):7–17.
• [48] Rajani HRZ, Mousavi SAAA. The role of impact energy in failure of explosive cladding of inconel 625 and steel. J Fail Anal Prev. 2012;12(6); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-012-9601-1.
• [49] Coleman BD, Hodgdon ML. On shear bands inductile materials, Analysis and Thermomechanics. Berlin: Springer; 1987.
• [50] Kosturek R, Wachowski M, Śnieżek L, Gloc M. The influence of the post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure of inconel 625/carbon steel bimetal joint obtained by explosive welding. Metals. 2019;9:246–61.
• [51] Chu Q, Tong X, Xu S, Zhang M, Li J, Yan F, et al. Interfacial investigation of explosion-welded titanium/steel bimetallic plates. J Mater Eng Perform. 2020;29:78–86.
• [52] Nishida M, Chiba A, Honda Y, Hirazumi J-I, Horikiri K. Electron microscopy studies of bonding interface in explosively welded Ti/steel clads. ISIJ Int. 1995;35(2):217–9.
• [53] Paul H, Morgiel J, Baudin T, Brisset F, Prazmowski M, Miszczyk M. Characterization of explosive welded joints by TEM and SEM/EBSD. Arch Metall Mater. 2014;59(3):1129–36.
• [54] Guo Y, Bataev I, Georgarakis K, Jorge AM, Nogueira RP, Pons M, et al. Ni- and Cu-free Ti-based metallic glasses with potential biomedical application. Intermetallics. 2015;63:86–96.
• [55] Paul H, Maj Ł, Prażmowski M, Gałka A, Miszczyk M, Petrzak P. Microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-layered Al/Ti composites produced by explosive welding. 17th International Conference on Metal Forming, Metal Forming 2018, 16–19 September 2018, Toyohashi, Japan; 2018.
• [56] Paul H, Lityńska-Dobrzyńska L, Prażmowski M. Microstructure and phase constitution near the interface of explosively welded aluminium/copper plates. Metall Mater Trans A. 2013;44A:3836–51.
• [57] Paul H, Morgiel J, Faryna M, Prażmowski M, Miszczyk MM. Microstructure and interfacial reactions in the bonding zone of explosively welded Zr700 and carbon steel plates. Int J Mater Res. 2015;106:782–92.
• [58] Paul H. Interfacial reactions during explosive bonding. Mater Sci Forum. 2014;783–786:1476–81.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).