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Both fire and water protection are crucial for the safety and usability of paper-based products applied as building components. The presented study investigates the possibility of combining environmentally-friendly fire retardants with oiland wax-based waterproofing coatings on paperboard for architectural applications. The proposed impregnation technique can be used as protection for paper-based temporary and emergency structures, or as part of the protective system for building envelopes of permanent structures. The fire retardants selected for the tests were diammonium phosphate and a mixture of borax and boric acid in a 1:1 ratio. Single-flame ignitability tests were performed on the impregnated specimens to assess the fire performance of specimens with fire impregnation, waterproofing impregnation and both. A Life Cycle Assessment analysis was performed for fire-retardant paperboard. The study has shown that the application of layered fire and waterproofing treatments on paperboard components is possible and leads to a significant reduction in flammability compared to untreated and only waterproofed specimens.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
105--115
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 39 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- MSc, Research Assistant; Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Bibliografia
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- [4] Bach, R., Wolf, A., Wilfinger, M., Kiziltoprak, N., and Knaack, U. (2021). A Full Performance Paper House. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, 9(1), 117-130.
- [5] Cripps, A. (2004). Cardboard as a construction material: a case study. Building Research & Information, 32(3), 207-219.
- [6] Meer, C. van der (2013). Developing the W-house, the world’s first house made from wrapped cardboard, Delft University of Technology, 2013.
- [7] Čekon, M., Struhala, K., and Slávik, R. (2017). Cardboard-Based Packaging Materials as Renewable Thermal Insulation of Buildings: Thermal and LifeCycle Performance. Journal of Renewable Materials, 5(1), 84-93.
- [8] Salavatian, S., D’Orazio, M., Di Perna, C., and Di Giuseppe, E. (2019). Assessment of Cardboard as an Environment-Friendly Wall Thermal Insulation for Low-Energy Prefabricated Buildings. in: Sustain. Build. a Clean. Environ. Sel. Pap. from World Renew. Energy Network’s Med Green Forum 2017, Springer, Cham, 463-470.
- [9] Asdrubali, F., D’Alessandro, F., and Schiavoni, S. (2015). A review of unconventional sustainable building insulation materials. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 4, 1-17.
- [10] Diarte, J. and Shaffer, M. (2021). Cardboard Architecture. Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research, 18(1), 58-65.
- [11] Lewin, M., Atlas, S.M., and Pearce, E.M., Eds. (1975). Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials. Plenum Press, New York.
- [12] Ayrilmis, N., Korkut, S., Tanritanir, E., Winandy, J.E., and Hiziroglu, S. (2006). Effect of various fire retardants on surface roughness of plywood. Building and Environment, 41(7), 887-892.
- [13] Ustaomer, D., Usta, M., and Hiziroglu, S. (2008). Effect of boron treatment on surface characteristics of medium density fiberboard (MDF). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 199(1), 440-444.
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- [18] Price, E.J., Covello, J., Paul, R., and Wnek, G.E. (2021). Tannic acid based super-intumescent coatings for prolonged fire protection of cardboard and wood. SPE Polymers, 2(2), 153-168.
- [19] Wang, N., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., and Wang, Q. (2017). Properties and mechanisms of different guanidine flame retardant wood pulp paper. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 128, 224-231.
- [20] Wang, N., Liu, Y., Xu, C., Liu, Y., and Wang, Q. (2017). Acid-base synergistic flame retardant wood pulp paper with high thermal stability. Carbohydrate Polymers, 178, 123-130.
- [21] Basak, S., Samanta, K.K., Chattopadhyay, S.K., and Narkar, R. (2015). Thermally stable cellulosic paper made using banana pseudostem sap, a wasted byproduct. Cellulose, 22(4), 2767-2776.
- [22] Basak, S., Patil, P.G., Shaikh, A.J., and Samanta, K.K. (2016). Green coconut shell extract and boric acid: new formulation for making thermally stable cellulosic paper. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 91(11), 2871-2881.
- [23] Yu, L., Cai, J., Li, H., Lu, F., Qin, D., and Fei, B. (2017). Effects of boric acid and/or borax treatments on the fire resistance of bamboo filament. BioResources, 12(3), 5296-5307.
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- [25] Karaağaçlıoğlu, İ.E. and Çelİk, M.S. (2012). Effect of Boric Acid on Fire Retardant Properties of Compressed Mineral Added Cellulosic Insulators. Proceedings of XIIIth International Mineral Processing Symposium - Bodrum-Turkey, 005 (October), 1-8.
- [26] Bayatkashkoli, A., Ramazani, O., Keyani, S., Mansouri, H.R., and Madahi, N.K. (2018). Investigation on the production possibilities of high pressure laminate from borax and recycled papers as a cleaner product. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 775-781.
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- [29] Schubert, D. (2011). Boron Oxides, Boric Acid, and Borates. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1-68.
- [30] Wang, Q., Li, J., and Winandy, J.E. (2004). Chemical mechanism of fire retardance of boric acid on wood. Wood Science and Technology, 38(5), 375-389.
- [31] LeVan and Tran (1990). The role of boron in flame retardant treatments.
- [32] Lewin, M., Atlas, S.M., and Pearce, E.M., Eds. (1978) Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials vol.2. Plenum Press, New York.
- [33] Gaan, S. and Sun, G. (2007). Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen on flame retardant cellulose: A study of phosphorus compounds. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 78(2), 371-377.
- [34] Scharte, B. (2010). Phosphorus-based flame retardancy mechanisms-old hat or a starting point for future development? Materials, 3(10), 4710-4745.
- [35] International Organization for Standardization (2020). ISO 11925-2:2020 Reaction to fire tests - Ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test.
- [36] International Organization for Standardization (2006). ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.
- [37] International Organization for Standardization (2006). ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines.
- [38] Jasiolek, A., Latka, J., and Brzezicki, M. (2021). Biodegradable methods of impregnating paperboard for its use as a building material. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 14(5), 1081-1089.
- [39] Jasiolek, A. (2022). Preserving environmental properties in paper-based architecture. Structures and Architecture. A Viable Urban Perspective?, Eds. M. F. Hvejsel and P. J. S. Cruz, CRC Press, 671-678.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-f7418cdf-e8d2-4b43-8ab9-f23ba3dbc275