Natural Gas Flaring in Nigeria, its Effects and Potential Alternatives – A Review

Elehinafe, Francis B.; Nwizu, Chizitelu I.; Odunlami, Olayemi B.; Ibukun, Feyisayo D.

doi:10.12911/22998993/149822

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Natural Gas Flaring in Nigeria, its Effects and Potential Alternatives – A Review

Autorzy

Elehinafe Francis B. , Nwizu Chizitelu I. , Odunlami Olayemi B. , Ibukun Feyisayo D.

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/149822

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Nigeria is a country blessed with vast oil and natural gas resources, due to inadequate management of resources most of the natural gas is flared. One of the most pressing challenges today is global warming. Gas flaring has been known to deliver carbon dioxide and other ozone depleting substances which cause unnatural weather change. This paper focuses on gas flaring; its definition, composition, types and classifications. It also highlights the policies that have been made in Nigeria concerning gas flaring and provides alternative solutions to gas flaring.

Słowa kluczowe

natural gas flaring emission effect alternative

Wydawca

Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Lublin University of Technology

Czasopismo

Journal of Ecological Engineering

Rocznik

2022

Tom

Vol. 23, nr 8

Strony

141--151

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 66 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Elehinafe Francis B.

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-5694

autor

Nwizu Chizitelu I.

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria

autor

Odunlami Olayemi B.

olayemi.odunlami@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria

autor

Ibukun Feyisayo D.

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria

Bibliografia

1. Abdulkareem, A.S., Afolabi, A.S., Abdulfatai, J., Uthman, H. and Odigure, J.O. (2012). Oil Exploration and Climate Change: A Case Study of Heat Radiation from Gas Flaring in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. [online] www.intechopen.com. IntechOpen. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/38113
2. AfricaNews (2021). Nigeria’s Delta attempts clean-up after decades of oil spills, gas flaring.
3. Africanews. Available at: https://www.africanews.com/2021/10/20/nigeria-s-delta-attempts-cleanup-after-decades-of-oil-spills-gas-flaring//
4. Akanimo, S. (2008) Gas flaring: nigerian govt under pressure as FOEI joins campaign. Scoop Independent News, 16 December 2008, available at: http://www.scoop.co.nz/storiesAVOQ8 1 2/S00359.htm
5. Akoroda, M. (2000) Remediation Response in the Nigeria Delta”, Paper presented at a Seminar to mark Anniversary of Jesse Fire Disaster, Nigeria Institute of International Affairs.
6. Al-Samhan, M., Al-Fadhli, J., Al-Otaibi, A.M., Al-Attar, F., Bouresli, R. and Rana, M.S. (2021). Prospects of refinery switching from conventional to integrated: An opportunity for sustainable investment in the petrochemical industry. Fuel, 310, p.122161.
7. American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2010). Eyes on Nigeria: Gas Flaring. [on-line] Available at: https://www.aaas.org/resources/eyes-nigeria-technical-report/gas-flaring
8. Aregbe, A.G. (2017). Natural Gas Flaring—Alternative Solutions. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(1), pp.720–726. Available at: https://m.scirp.org/papers/74459
9. Argo Flare Services. (2021). Other Flares - Argo Flare Services. Available at: http://www.argoflares.com/research/introduction/flare-types/other-flares/
10. Ayoola, T.J. (2011) Gas Flaring and its Implications for Environmental Accounting in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(5), 244–250.
11. Bahadori,A. (2014). Blow-down and flare systems. natural gas processing, pp. 275–312. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099971-5.00006-4
12. Barati, A. and Pirozfar, V. (2019). Flare Gas Review in Oil and Gas Industry. J Biochem Tech, 2, 71–89. Available at: https://jbiochemtech.com/storage/models/article/pLXlfMuyZlG3ovwQXn0HcWrL9kDPXuj1NGJNEiEXDkv2I9GkUIgZ1MNzmBNH/flare-gas-review-in-oil-and-gas-industry.pdf
13. Beigiparast, S., Tahouni, N., Abbasi, M. and Panjeshahi, M.H. (2021). Flare gas reduction in an olefin plant under different start-up procedures. Energy, 214, 118927. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422032034X
14. Bradford, A. and Pappas, S. (2017). Effects of global warming. Live Science. Available at: https://www.livescience.com/37057-global-warming-effects.html
15. CAPP (2021). Crude Oil Extraction and Drilling Methods. CAPP. Available at: https://www.capp.ca/oil/extraction/
16. Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) (2000) Resolutions & Motions, 2000. Available at: http://www.cpha.ca/uploads/resolutions/2000 e.pdf
17. Climate & Clean Air Coalition. (2020). Gas flaring has dangerous side effects but these mitigation opportunities could be a win for everyone. [online] Available at: https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/news/gas-flaring-has-dangerous-side-effects-these-mitigation-opportunities-could-be-win-everyone.
18. Corbin, D.J. and Johnson, M.R. (2014). Detailed Expressions and Methodologies for Measuring Flare Combustion Efficiency, Species Emission Rates, and Associated Uncertainties. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(49), 19359–19369.
19. Dey, A.K. (2021). Elevated flare systems used in process industries. What is piping. Available at: https://whatispiping.com/elevated-flare-systems-part-1/
20. Ejiogu, A.R. (2013). Gas flaring in nigeria: costs and policy. Energy & Environment, 24(6), pp.983–998. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43735213.
21. Elehinafe, F.B. Anjorin, S.D., Odunlami, O.A., Mamudu, A.O., Ayeni, A.O., Okedere, O.B. (2020). Modelling of sweet gas flaring and the resultant gaseous emissions with their emission factors. Cogent Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1815931
22. Enetimi, I.S., Sylvester C.I. (2017). A review of impacts of gas flaring on vegetation and water resources in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 2(4), 48-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20170204.11
23. Energy H.Q. (2017). Upstream? Midstream? Downstream? What’s the difference? Available at: https://energyhq.com/2017/04/upstream-midstream-downstream-whats-the-difference/#:~:text=
24. Environmental Protection Agency (2021). EPA Enforcement Targets Flaring Efficiency Violations. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/flaringviolations.pdf
25. Esterhuyse, S. (2018). Identifying the risks and opportunities of unconventional oil and gas extraction using the strategic environmental assessment. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 3, 33–39.
26. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). (2018). Nigeria. Available at: https://eiti.org/es/implementing_country/32
27. Fawole, O.G., Cai, X.-M. and MacKenzie, A.R. (2016). Gas flaring and resultant air pollution: A review focusing on black carbon. Environmental Pollution, 216, pp.182–197. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116304638
28. Fluenta (2018). Assisting flaring: steam vs air. Fluenta. Available at: https://www.fluenta.com/assisting-flaring-steam-vs-air/
29. GENERON Pioneering Gas Solutions (2019). What is gas flaring? Why is it done & viable alternatives. Available at: https://www.generon.com/what-is-gas-flaring-why-is-it-done-alternatives/
30. Getty Images (2021). Shot of Gas flare burns in pit at oil well at Williston Basin / North... [online] Available at: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/shot-of-gas-flare-burns-in-pit-at-oil-well-at-stock-video-footage/505958697
31. Globalspec (2021). Gas Flares Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications Engineering 360. [online] Available at: https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/air_quality/gas_flares
32. Idah Seiyaboh, E. (2017). A review of impacts of gas flaring on vegetation and water resources in the niger delta region of Nigeria. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 2(4), p.48.
33. IEA (2021). Natural Gas Information - Data product. Available at: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/natural-gas-information#data-sets
34. IPIECA (2021). Flaring classification. Available at: https://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/flaring-and-venting/flaring-classification/
35. Kayode A.C. (2007). Ludwig’s applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780750677660/ludwigs-applied-process-design-for-chemical-and-petrochemical-plants
36. Keynes, M. and Committee, R. (2020). Flare system design for oil and gas installations. Available at: https://www.icheme.org/media/14673/flare-system-design-for-oil-and-gas-installations-chris-park.pdf
37. Knizhnikov, A. and Poussenkova, N. (2009) Russian associated gas utilization: Problems and Prospects Annual Report within the Framework of the Project Environment and Energy: International Context, Issue 1, WWF-Russia, Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, available at: http://www.wwf.ru/resources/publ/book/eng/337
38. Kola-Olusanya, A. and Mekuleyi, G.O. (2018). The eco-economics of crude oil exploration in Nigeria. The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, pp. 191–198.
39. Lees, F. (2005). Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control. Google Books. Butterworth-Heinemann. Available at: https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=UDAwZQO8ZGUC&pg=PP16&lpg=PP16&dq=Sam+Mannan+(Editor)+(2005).+Lee%27s+Loss+Prevention+in+the+Process+Industries:+Hazard+Identification
40. McFarlan, A. (2020). Techno-economic assessment of pathways for liquefied natural gas (LNG) to replace diesel in Canadian remote northern communities. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 42, 100821.
41. Oboh M. (2019). Despite paucity of funds, Nigeria flares N461bn gas in 2019.
42. Mokhtar, S., Poe. W.A. and Speight, J.G. (2008) Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing. Elsevier B.V. Netherland.
43. Naoinc (2021). Horizontal flare pits - pit flares. Pilot Burners - NAO Inc. Available at: https://naoinc.com/flares/horizontal-flare-pits/
44. Nepis.epa.gov. (2021). Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=910118CI.txt
45. Nigeria High Commission (2021). About Nigeria. Available at: https://www.nigeriahc.org.uk/about-nigeria.
46. Nwanya, S.C. (2011) Climate change and energy implications of gas flaring for Nigeria. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 6(3), pp. 19.
47. Ojijiagwo, E.N., Oduoza, C.F. and Emekwuru, N. (2018). Technological and economic evaluation of conversion of potential flare gas to electricity in Nigeria. Procedia Manufacturing, 17, pp. 444–451.
48. Okedere O.B. and Elehinafe F.B. (2022). Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nigeria’s environment: A review, Scientific African, 16, e01144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01144.
49. Okedere B.O., Elehinafe B.F., Oyelami S., Ayeni O.A. (2021). Drivers of anthropogenic air emissions in Nigeria - A review, Heliyon, 7(3), e06398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06398.
50. Orji, U.J. (2014). Moving from gas flaring to gas conservation and utilisation in Nigeria: a review of the legal and policy regime. OPEC Energy Review, 38(2), 149–183.
51. World Ocean Review (2021).Where and how extraction proceeds.
52. Pearson, M. (2019). The Seven Steps of Oil and Natural Gas Extraction. Coloradans for Responsible Energy Development. Available at: https://www.cred.org/seven-steps-of-oil-and-natural-gas-extraction/
53. Poursartip, B., Fathi, A. and Tassoulas, J.L. (2020). Large-scale simulation of seismic wave motion: A review. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 129, p.105909.
54. PricewaterhouseCoopers (2021). Impact of Gas flaring on the Nigerian economy. PwC. Available at: https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/impact-of-gas-flaring-on-the-nigerian-economy.html#:~:text=Assessing%20the%20impact%20of%20Gas%20flaring%20on%20the%20Nigeria%20Economy&text=According%20to%20the%20World%20Bank
55. Robinson D. (2013). Oil and gas: Treatment of produced waters for injection and reinjection. Filtration + Separation, 50(4), 36–43.
56. Smitsvonk A. (2001). Product overview ignition systems. Available at: http://res.cloudinary.com/smitsvonk/image/upload/v1477662942/homepage/Download_1_product_overview_tq99ko.pdf
57. Shore, D. (2006). A proposed comprehensive model for elevated flare flames and plumes. Available at: http://www.oocities.org/flareman_xs/Thermal/shore_buo_flame_model_r3_.pdf
58. Soltanieh, M., Zohrabian, A., Gholipour, M.J. and Kalnay, E. (2016). A review of global gas flaring and venting and impact on the environment: Case study of Iran. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 49, 488–509. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750583616300603
59. Vanguard News. (2019). Despite paucity of funds, Nigeria flares N461bn gas in 2019. Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/despitepaucity-of-funds-nigeria-flares-n461bn-gas-in-2019/
60. Vishnyakov, V., Suleimanov, B., Salmanov, A. and Zeynalov, E. (2020). Oil recovery stages and methods. ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128176320000074
61. Wermac (2021). Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) introduction - process safety. Available at: http://www.wermac.org/valves/valves_pressure_relief.html
62. World Bank. (2020). Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR). Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction
63. World Bank. (2020). Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/publication/global-gas-flaring-tracker-report.
64. World Bank (2004a). Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative: Report on Consultation with Stakeholders.Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/06/000112742_20040806103736/Rendered/PDF/272750global1g1tiative0Report0no.01.pdf
65. Yazdani, E., Asadi, J., Dehaghani, Y.H. and Kazempoor, P. (2020). Flare gas recovery by liquid ring compressors-system design and simulation. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, [online] 84, 103627. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510020304819
66. Zeeco (2021). Zeeco products & services. Flares: Steam-Assisted. Available at: https://www.zeeco.com/flares/flares-steam-assisted

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-f699d15a-43ca-4239-ac3e-f7e2935b0e95