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A lake fortress, a floating chronology, and an atmospheric anomaly: the surprising results of a radiocarbon wiggle-match from Āraiši, Latvia

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Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
An Iron Age timber settlement which, in view of the defensive structures uncovered, is described as a lake fortress, on an island in Lake Āraiši, north-eastern Latvia, was excavated in 1965–69 and 1975–79 by teams led by Jānis Apals, who distinguished five construction phases. Dendrochronological analysis produced a c. 100-year floating chronology for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) timbers from the earliest phase. A 14C wiggle-match was undertaken to obtain an absolute date range for the final year of the floating chronology, and thus for the construction of the settlement. Ten blocks of wood from one timber, each comprising 6-11 years and collectively spanning the whole 93-year tree-ring series, were dated by AMS. Using the IntCal13 calibration data, there is a 95% probability that the felling date of this timber falls in the range 775–784 cal AD. It appears, however, that the AD 775 spike in the atmospheric 14C level occurred within the 6-year span of the last sample. On this basis, we can narrow the date of construction to 776–780 cal AD. This date is significantly earlier than those reported in previous publications.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Strony
223--233
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 31 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • Leibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
  • Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie, Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany
autor
  • Dendrochronological Laboratory, Institute of Latvian History at the University of Latvia
Bibliografia
  • 1.Apals J, 1998. Āraiši (Arrasch), in Lübke C and Wędyki A, Enzyklopädie zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa (6.-13. Jahrhundert) (Encyclopedia of Eastern European History (6th-13th centuries)), Greifswald: 151–152 (in German).
  • 2.Apals J, 2000. Über die Entwicklung eines Blockbautyps im Ostbaltikum (On the development of a type of log cabin in the East Bal-tic). Archaeologia Baltica 4: 149–158 (in German).
  • 3.Apals J, 2001. Ezerpilis (Lake fortresses), in Apals J, Atgāzis M, Graudonis J, Loze I, Mugurēvičs Ē, Vasks A and Zagorska I, Latvijas senākā vēsture: 9. g. t. pr. Kr. - 1200. g. Rīga, Latvijas vēstures in-stitūta apgāds: 311–317 (in Latvian).
  • 4.Apals J, 2008. Āraišu arheoloģiskais muzejparks: ceļvedis (Āraiši Archaeological Museum Park: Guide). Rīga, Latvijas Nacionālais vēstures muzejs: 96 pp (in Latvian).
  • 5.Apals J, 2012a. Hidroarheoloģiskās ekspedīcijas darbs 1965. gadā (Work of an archaeological expedition in 1965), in Apals J, Āraišu ezerpils. Rakstu izlase un draugu atmiņas. Rīga, Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds: 62–65 (in Latvian).
  • 6.Apals J, 2012b. Hidroarheoloģisko pieminekļu apzināšana 1964. gadā (Exploration of underwater archaeological monuments in 1964), in Apals J, Āraišu ezerpils. Rakstu izlase un draugu atmiņas. Rīga, Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds: 57–62 (in Latvian).
  • 7.Apals J, 1983. Par Āraišu ezerpils izpēti: 1965.–1969., 1975.–1979. gads (On the investigation of the Āraiši lake fortress: 1965–1969, 1975–1979). Jaunā Gaita 145: 26–33 (in Latvian).
  • 8.Bronk Ramsey C, 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: The OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37: 425–430.
  • 9.Bronk Ramsey C, van der Plicht J and Weninger B, 2001. ‘Wiggle matching’ radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 43: 381–389.
  • 10.Bronk Ramsey C, 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radio-carbon 51: 337–360.
  • 11.Chernyh NB, 1987. Dendrohronologicheskie shkaly Vostochnoj Evropy vtoroj poloviny 1–2 tys. n.e. (25 – letiyu laboratorii estestvennon-auchnyh metodov instituta arheologii AN SSSR) (Dendroscales of East Europe covering the second half of the 1st millennium and the 2nd millennium AD (25 years of the Natural Sciences Methods Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology AS USSR)). In: Bitvinskas T, ed., Vremennye i prostranstvennye izmeneniya klimata i godichnye kol’tsa derev’ev, III. Kaunas, Institut botaniki AN Litovskoj SSR: 90–98 (in Russian).
  • 12.Chernyh NB, 1996. Dendrohronologiya i arheologiya (Dendrochronology and Archaeology), Moscow, NOX: 215pp (in Russian).
  • 13.Cook ER and Holmes RL, 1986. Users manual for program Arstan. In: Holmes R L, Adams R K and Fritts H C, eds., Treering chronologies of western North America: California, eastern Oregon and northern Great Basin. Tucson, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona. Chronology Series 6: 50–65.
  • 14.Crisci GM, La Russa MF, Malagodi M and Ruffolo SA, 2010. Consoli-dating properties of Regalrez 1126 and Paraloid B72 applied to wood. Journal of Cultural Heritage 11(3): 304–308, DOI 10.1016/j.culher.2009.12.001.
  • 15.Grissino-Mayer HD, 2001. Evaluating crossdating accuracy: a manual and tutorial for the computer program COFECHA. Tree-Ring Research 57: 205–221.
  • 16.Holmes RL, 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin 44: 69–75.
  • 17.Hoper S, McCormac F, Hogg A, Higham T and Head M, 1998. Evalua-tion of wood pretreatments on oak and cedar. Radiocarbon 40: 45–50.
  • 18.International Study Group, 1982. An interlaboratory comparison of radiocarbon measurements in treerings. Nature 298(5875): 619–623, DOI 10.1038/298619a0.
  • 19.McCormac FG, Bayliss A, Baillie, MGL and Brown DM, 2004. Radiocarbon calibration in the Anglo-Saxon period: AD 495–725. Radiocarbon 46: 1123–1125.
  • 20.McCormac FG, Bayliss A, Brown DM, Reimer PJ and Thompson MM, 2008. Extended radiocarbon calibration in the Anglo-Saxon period, AD 395–485 and AD 735–805. Radiocarbon 50: 11–17.
  • 21.Miyake F, Nagaya K, Masuda K and Nakamura T, 2012. A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan. Nature 486(7402): 240–242, DOI 10.1038/nature11123.
  • 22.Nadeau M-J, Grootes PM, Schleicher M, Hasselberg P, Rieck A and Bitterling M, 1998. Sample throughput and data quality at the Leibniz-Labor AMS facility. Radiocarbon 40: 239–245.
  • 23.Punning JM, Liiva A and Ilves E, 1968. Tartu radiocarbon dates III. Radiocarbon 10: 379–383.
  • 24.Reimer PJ, Baillie MGL, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Burr GS, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Hajdas I, Heaton TJ, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, McCormac G, Manning S, Reimer RW, Remmele S, Richards DA, Southon JR, Talamo S, Taylor FW, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J and Weyhenmeyer CE, 2009. INTCAL09 and MARINE09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51: 1111–1150.
  • 25.Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatte C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Staff RA, Turney CSM and van der Plicht J, 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–1887.
  • 26.Stuiver M, Reimer PJ, Bard E, Beck JW, Burr GS, Hughen KA, Kromer B, McCormac G, van der Plicht J and Spurk M, 1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40: 1041–1083.
  • 27.Tyers C, Sidell J, van der Plicht J, Marshall P, Cook G, Bronk Ramsey C and Bayliss A, 2011. Wiggle-matching using known-age pine from Jermyn Street, London. Radiocarbon 51: 385–396.
  • 28.Usoskin IG, Kromer B, Ludlow F, Beer J, Friedrich M, Kovaltsov GA, Solanki SK and Wacker L, 2013. The AD775 cosmic event revisited: the Sun is to blame. Astronomy & Astrophysics 552: L3, DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201321080.
  • 29.Ward GK and Wilson SR, 1978. Procedures for comparing and combin-ing radiocarbon age determinations: a critique. Archaeometry 20(1): 19–31, DOI 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1978.tb00208.x.
  • 30.Zaitseva GI and Popov SG, 1994. Radiocarbon dating sites of northwest Russia and Latvia. Radiocarbon 36: 377–389.
  • 31.Zunde M, 2000. Par Āraišu ezerpils dendrohronoloģisko datēšanu (On the dendrochronological dating of Āraiši lake fortress). In: Arheologs Dr. hist., Dr. hist. h.c. Jānis Apals: Bibliogrāfija, darbabiedru veltījumi 70 gadu jubilejā. Rīga, Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds: 144–157 (in Latvian).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-f55cea81-5580-41c8-9e44-3049be753587
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