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The maritime industry is undergoing a digital transformation, with an increasing integration of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) systems on modern vessels. Its multiple benefits notwithstanding, this transformation brings with it increased cybersecurity risks, that need to be identified, assessed, and managed. Although several cyber risk assessment methodologies are available in the literature, they may be challenging for experts with a maritime background to use. In this paper we propose a simple and effective cyber risk assessment methodology, named Cyber Risk Assessment for SHips (CRASH), that can be easily implemented by maritime professionals. To showcase its workings, we assessed 24 cyber risks of the Integrated Navigation System (INS) using CRASH and we validated the method by comparing its results to those of another method and by means of interviews with experts in the maritime sector. CRASH can aid shipping companies in effectively assessing cyber risks as a step towards selecting and implementing necessary measures to enhance the cyber security of cyber-physical systems onboard their vessels.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
115--124
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 48 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
autor
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
autor
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
autor
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
Bibliografia
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- 25. Georgios Kavallieratos and Sokratis Katsikas. “Managing cyber security risks of the cyber-enabled ship”. In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8.10 (2020), p. 768. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100768. - doi:10.3390/jmse8100768.
- 26. Georgios Kavallieratos, Sokratis Katsikas, and Vasileios Gkioulos. “Cyber-attacks against the autonomous ship”. In: Computer Security. Ed. by Sokratis K. Katsikas et al. Vol. 11387. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 20–36. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12786-2_2. - doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12786-2_2.
- 27. Kessler G.C., Craiger J.P., Haass J.C.: A Taxonomy Framework for Maritime Cybersecurity: A Demonstration Using the Automatic Identification System. TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 12, No. 3, doi:10.12716/1001.12.03.01, pp. 429-437, 2018.
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- 29. Mass Soldal Lund, Odd Sveinung Hareide, and Øyvind Jøsok. “An attack on an Integrated Navigation System”. In: Necesse 3.2 (2018), pp. 149–163. DOI: 10.21339/2464-353x.3.2.149.
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- 33. Per Håkon Meland et al. “Assessing cyber threats for storyless systems”. In: Journal of Information Security and Applications 64 (2022), p. 103050. ISSN: 22142126. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103050. - doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103050.
- 34. Voltaire Network. What spooked the USS Donald Cook so much in the Black Sea? 2014. URL: https://www. voltairenet.org/article185860.html (visited on 04/16/2023).
- 35. NIST. Guide for conducting risk assessments. Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2012. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800- 30r1. URL: https : / / nvlpubs . nist . gov / nistpubs / Legacy / SP / nistspecialpublication800 - 30r1.pdf.
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- 37. Aybars Oruc. “Claims of state-sponsored cyberattack in the maritime industry”. In: The International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2020). 2020.
- 38. Aybars Oruc. “Cybersecurity risk assessment for tankers and defence methods”. MSc. Istanbul, Turkey: Piri Reis University, 2020. URL: http://openaccess.pirireis.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12960/52? locale-attribute=en (visited on 04/16/2023). - doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.19224.
- 39. Aybars Oruc, Ahmed Amro, and Vasileios Gkioulos. “Assessing cyber risks of an INS using the MITRE ATT&CK framework”. In: Sensors 22.22 (2022). DOI: 10.3390/s22228745. - doi:10.3390/s22228745.
- 40. Aybars Oruc, Vasileios Gkioulos, and Sokratis Katsikas. “Towards a Cyber-Physical Range for the Integrated Navigation System (INS)”. In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10.1 (2022), p. 107. DOI: 10.3390/ jmse10010107. - doi:10.3390/jmse10010107.
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- 42. Wenli Shang et al. “Information security risk assessment method for ship control system based on Fuzzy Sets and Attack Trees”. In: Security and Communication Networks (2019). ISSN: 1939-0114. DOI: 10.1155/2019/ 3574675. - doi:10.1155/2019/3574675.
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- 46. Kimberly Tam and Kevin Jones. “MaCRA: a model-based framework for maritime cyber-risk assessment”. In:WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 18.1 (2019), pp. 129–163. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-019-00162-2. - doi:10.1007/s13437-019-00162-2.
- 47. UMT. Severity, Exposure & Probability (SEP) risk assessment model. URL: https : / / winapps . umt . edu/ winapps/ media2 / wilderness/ toolboxes/ documents/ safety/ Severity, %20Exposure% 20 &%20Probability%20(SEP)%20Risk%20Assessment%20Model.pdf (visited on 04/16/2023).
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Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-f2fa2d9e-690c-431a-87ea-a0041d14c591