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European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, was to be implemented in the Member States of the European Union by 2008. Because of some unexpected problems the deadline was postponed until 2012. This paper reviews some of the problems identified and presents some suggestions for possible solutions based on the authors’ experience in assessing occupational exposure to EMF. Among the topics discussed are movement in static magnetic fields, ways to time average extreme low frequency signals, the difference between emission and exposure standards, and ways of dealing with those issues.
Wydawca
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
3--33
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 56 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
autor
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
autor
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
autor
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL), Rome, Italy
autor
- Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
autor
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
autor
- Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
autor
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL), Rome, Italy
autor
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
Bibliografia
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- 28.European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Limitation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from devices operating in the frequency range 0 Hz to 10 GHz, used in Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and similar applications (Standard No. EN 50364:2001). Brussels, Belgium: CENELEC; 2001.
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- 30.Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKN). Labour protection in electromagnetic fields and radiation of the frequency range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. Part 1. Terminology. Part 3. Methods of measurements and evaluation of field on the work stands (Standard No. PN-T-06580:2002). Warszawa, Poland: PKN; 2002. In Polish.
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- 37.European Commission. Employment and Social Affairs DG. Standardisation mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop harmonised standards for the assessment, measurement and calculation of workers’ exposure to static magnetic and varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields with frequencies from 0 Hz to 300 GHz (EMPL/D-4/AF/D(2004); M/351); Luxembourg, 17 May 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2008, from: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/standards_policy/mandates/database/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.detail&id=229#.
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- 40.European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of mobile phones with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (300 MHz–3 GHz) (Standard No. EN 50360:2001). Brussels, Belgium; CENELEC; 2001.
- 41.European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems with the basic restrictions or the reference levels related to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (110 MHz–40 GHz)—occupational (Standard No. EN 50384:2002). Brussels, Belgium; CENELEC; 2002.
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- 45.Italian National Electrotechnical Committee (CEI). Guide for the measurement and the evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 10 kHz–300 GHz, with reference to the human exposure (Standard No. CEI 211-7:2001). Milan, Italy: CEI; 2001. In Italian.
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- 53.Council of the European Union Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), 1999/519/EC. OJ. 1999:L199:59–70.
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-f2663584-8e65-4e76-8c18-9ea773018b38