Restoration of Al-Sanaf Marsh under Various Operation Conditions

• Autorzy: Makki Jamal S. , Abood Alkhafaji R. , Al-Umar Mohammad H.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/113038

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The dried Iraqi marshlands were re-flooded after the year 2003. Because of the water shortage feeds the marshes during the last years, the re-flooded marshes began to dry again. The Al-Sanaf marsh is part of the Al Hammar marsh located in the Thi Qar province. It is not separated hydraulically from the Al Hammar marsh. The study suggested separating the two marshes by replacing the culverts under security dyke with uncontrolled weir to keep the area of Al-Sanaf marsh submerged. If there is any added water, it will cross from the suggested structure to the Al Hammar marsh. A hydrodynamic and water quality routing models (RMA2 and RMA4) were prepared based on mass conservation low, mass balance model, and four scenarios were applied for the Al-Sanaf marsh based on the incoming discharges. The suggested model was calibrated with field data measured in the marsh. The four suggested scenarios are to keep the requirement of the Al-Sanaf marsh restoration. The maximum submerged area of the marsh is 100 km² under any operation conditions while this area was reduced to 72 km² under low flow conditions (minimum inflow from the feeders). The three scenarios operated considering values of inflow from Euphrates River with the required inflow from Al Khamissiya canal to keep the minimum level of salinity in the submerged area. While the fourth scenario operated with the minimum value of discharge from all feeders.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Al-Sanaf Marsh; hydrodynamic model; marshland; Al Hammar Marshes; RMA2; RMA4

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: Vol. 20, nr 11
• Strony: 178--189
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Makki Jamal S.

• University of Thi-Qar, College of Engineering, Nasiriyah, Iraq

autor

Abood Alkhafaji R.

• University of Thi-Qar, College of Engineering, Nasiriyah, Iraq

autor

Al-Umar Mohammad H.

• University of Thi-Qar, College of Engineering, Nasiriyah, Iraq

Bibliografia

• 1. Al-Ansari, N. (2013). Management of water resources in Iraq: perspectives and prognoses. Engineering, 5(6), 667–684.
• 2. Al-Ansari, N., & Knutsson, S. (2011). Possibilities of restoring the Iraqi marshes known as the Garden of Eden. Paper presented at the Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region: Adaptation, Mitigation and Best Practices 28/04/2011–29/04/2011.
• 3. Al-Ansari, N., Knutsson, S., Ali, A. (2012). Restoring the Garden of Eden, Iraq. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 2(1), 53–88.
• 4. Al-Gburi, H. F. A., Al-Tawash, B. S., & Al-Lafta, H. S. (2017). Environmental assessment of Al Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. Heliyon, 3(2), e00256.
• 5. Al-Musawi, N. O., Al-Obaidi, S. K., & Al-Rubaie, F. M. (2018). Evaluating water quality index of al hammar marsh, south of iraq with the application of gis technique. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 13(12), 4118–4130.
• 6. Al Obaidy, A. H. M. J., & Al-Khateeb, M. (2013). The challenges of water sustainability in Iraq. Engineering and Technology Journal, 31(5 Part (A) Engineering), 828–840.
• 7. Alhamdani, J. (2014). Location of outlet and operation of the west part of AlHammar Marsh. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Baghdad.
• 8. Ali, A. A. (2013). Morphology of Tigris River inside Baghdad City. Luleå tekniska universitet.
• 9. Azhar Al-Saboonchi, Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, M., A. H., Jawad Alobaidy, Haider S. Abid, & Maulood, B. K. (2011). On the Current and Restoration Conditions of the Southern Iraqi Marshes: Application of the CCME WQI on East Hammar Marsh Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 316–322.
• 10. CRIM. (2010). Possibility of using the water of the main outfall drain to restore AlHammar marsh after operating the pump station in Al Nassiriyah. Final Draft report.
• 11. Donnell, B. P. (2009). RMA2 WES version 4.5. US army. Engineer Research and Development Center, 277.
• 12. Foundation, I. (2003). Physical characteristic of Mesopotamian marshlands of southern Iraq. Draft report, Iraq Foundation. 45 pp.
• 13. Hussain, N., & Ali, T. (2006). Trophic nature and feeding relationships among Al Hammer marsh fishes, southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 1(1), 9–18.
• 14. Kadhim, A. J. (2005). Water quality monitoring of Abu Zarak marsh in southern in Iraq (after drying) (Vol. Master thesis): Al-Mustansiriya University.
• 15. Kugaprasatham, S., Al-Lami, A., & Aoki, C. (2014). Environmental management of the Iraqi marshlands in the post-conflict period Water and post-conflict peacebuilding (pp. 135–154): Routledge.
• 16. Marghany, M., Hasab, H. A., Mansor, S., & Shariff, A. R. B. M. (2016). Developing hydrological model for water quality in Iraq marshes zone using Landsat-TM. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
• 17. Ministry of Water Resources, C. o. R. o. t. I. M., CRIM, & . (2006). Study The Rehabilitation of Al Huwayza Marsh Ecological Syste.
• 18. Mohamed, A.-R. M., & Hussain, N. A. (2012). Evaluation of Fish assemblage environment in east Hammar using Integrated Biological Index. basrah journal of science, 30(2B Environmental Conference), 87–105.
• 19. Najah, A., Mohamed, A., Al Noo, S., Mutlak, F., Abed, I., & Coad, B. (2009). Structure and ecological indices of fish assemblages in the recently restored Al Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq approaches. BioRisk Journal, 3, 173–186.
• 20. Novikov, A., & Bagtzoglou, A. C. (2006). Hydrodynamic model of the lower hudson river estuarine system and its application for water quality management. Water resources management, 20(2), 257–276.
• 21. Richardson, C. J. (2016). Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq. The Wetland Book: II: Distribution, Description and Conservation, 1–11.
• 22. Richardson, C. J., & Hussain, N. A. (2006). Restoring the Garden of Eden: An Ecological Assessment of the Marshes of Iraq. BioScience 477, 56 (6 ).
• 23. UNEP-DTIE-IETC, C. (2009). UNEP-UNESCO project and World Heritage Programme: Project overview. Paper presented at the Kick-off meeting: Natural Cultural Management of the Iraqi Marshlands as World Heritage. Amman, Jordan.
• 24. USGS. (1976). Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Chapter A8, Discharge Measurements at Gauging Stations.
• 25. Yasir, R. A., Rahi, K. A., & Abudi, Z. N. (2018). Water budget for abu zirig marsh in Southern Iraq. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 22(1), 25–33.