Microstructural characteristics of a high-chromium cast iron hard-facing alloy

• Autorzy: Fras Teresa , Koenig Benjamin , Meyer Paul P. , Diop Ibra

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/bpasts.2024.151957

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Hard-facing alloys increase the service life of components exposed to abrasive, erosive, or metal-to-metal wear conditions. Hard-facing is a metalworking process in which layers of a harder material are arc-welded onto a base metal. In particular, high-chromium hard-face weld deposit layers form a strong metallurgical bond with the substrate steel plate, enhancing the resistance to abrasive loadings. Metallurgical and microstructural analysis is conducted to improve the performance of such bi-layered metal structures. The discussion of an HC-O hard-face alloy deposited on S235 steel substrate plates is presented here, focusing on the characterization of the coating microstructure. The study establishes the relationship among the chemical composition, ‘as-clad’ microstructure, and hardness properties of the investigated high chromium Fe – 27 wt.% Cr – 5 wt.% C hard-facing alloy.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

arc welding; FCAW; HC-O; EBSD; micro-hardness; high chromium cast iron; hardfacing alloys; flux-cored arc welding; electron backscatter diffraction

PL

spawanie łukowe; FCAW; HC-O; żeliwo wysokochromowe; EBSD; mikrotwardość; spawanie łukowe drutem proszkowym; spawanie drutem proszkowym; dyfrakcja elektronów wstecznie rozproszonych; napawanie

• Wydawca: Polska Akademia Nauk, Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych
• Czasopismo: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 73, nr 1
• Strony: art. no. e151957
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Fras Teresa

• French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL), Saint-Louis, France

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-2041

autor

Koenig Benjamin

• ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France

autor

Meyer Paul P.

• Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland

autor

Diop Ibra

• Welding Alloys France, Holtzwihr, France

Bibliografia

• [1] B. Gerard, Fundamentals of Hardfacing by Arc Welding. Florence, KY, USA: Welding Alloys, 2016; pp. 1–47.
• [2] D. Tandon, H. Li, Z. Pan, D. Yu, and W. Pang, “A Review on Hardfacing, Process Variables, Challenges, and Future Works,” Metals, vol. 13. no. 9, p. 1512, 2023, doi: 10.3390/met13091512.
• [3] A. Krajewski, A. Włosiński, W. Chmielewski, and P. Kołodziejczak, “Ultrasonic-vibration assisted arc-welding of aluminum alloys,” Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 841–852, 2012, doi: 10.2478/v10175-012-0098-2.
• [4] I.A. Ryabtsev, A.I. Panfilov, A. Babinets, I.I. Ryabtsev, G.N. Gordan and I.L. Babijchuk, “Structure and abrasive wear resistance of deposited metal hardened with carbides of different types,” Paton Weld. J., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 78–82, 2015, doi: 10.15407/tpwj2015.06.17.
• [5] H. Sabet, S. Khierandish, S. Mirdamadi, and M. Goodarzi, “The microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C hard-facing alloys with the composition of hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic at Cr/C6,” Tribol. Lett., vol. 44, pp. 237–245, 2011, doi: 10.1007/s11249-011-9842-2.
• [6] K. Wieczerzak, P. Bała, M. Stępień, G. Cios, and T. Kozieł, “The characterization of cast Fe-Cr-C alloy,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 60, pp. 779–782, 2015, doi: 10.1515/amm-2015-0206.
• [7] A. Wiengmoon, J.T.H. Pearce, and T. Chairuangsr, “Relationship between microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance in 20 wt.% Cr, 27 wt.% Cr and 36 wt.% Cr high chromium cast irons,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 125, pp. 739–748, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.09.064.
• [8] J.L. Henderson and J.H. Bulloch, “Alloy classification of hardfacing materials,” Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 127–158, 1991, doi: 10.1016/0308-0161(91)90096-K.
• [9] M. Ban, N. Hasegawa, Y. Ueno, H. Shinozaki, T. Aoki, and H. Fukumoto, “Wear resistance property of hardfacing weld overlays containing metal carbides,” Tribol. Online, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 207–212, 2012, doi: 10.2474/trol.7.207.
• [10] J.M.S. Sa de Sousa, M.Q. Lobato, D.N. Garcia, and P.C. Machado, “Abrasion resistance of Fe–Cr–C coating deposited by FCAW welding process,” Wear, vol. 476, p. 203688, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.203688.
• [11] Structural Steel – S235, S275, S355 Chemical Composition, Mechanical Properties and Common Applications. [Online]. Available: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6022 [accessed 18/03/2024].
• [12] Hardface HC-O [Online]. Available: https://www.welding-alloys.com/product/hardface-hc-o/ [accessed 18/03/2024].
• [13] V.G. Rivlin, “Assessment of phase equilibria in ternary alloys of iron,” J. Less-Common Met., vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 111–121, 1985, doi: 10.1016/0022-5088(85)90395-9.
• [14] A.V. Khvan, B. Hallstedt, and C. Broeckmann, “A thermodynamic evaluation of the Fe–Cr–C system,” Calphad, vol. 46, pp. 24–33, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2014.01.002.
• [15] C.M. Chang, Y.C. Chen, and W. Wu, “Microstructural and abrasive characteristics of high carbon Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloy,” Tribol. Int., vol. 43 no. 5–6, pp. 929–934, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.045.
• [16] A. Inoue and T. Masumoto, “Carbide reactions (M3C→ M7C3→M23C6→ M6C) during tempering of rapidly solidified high carbon Cr-W and Cr-Mo steels,” Metall. Trans. A, vol. 11, pp. 739–747, 1980.
• [17] K. Wieczerzak et al., “The effect of temperature on the evolution of eutectic carbides and M7C3→ M23C6 carbides reaction in the rapidly solidified Fe-Cr-C alloy,” J. Alloy. Compd., vol. 698, pp. 673–684, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.252.
• [18] T. Fras, I. Szachogluchowicz, and L. Sniezek, “Ti6Al4V-AA1050-AA2519 explosively-cladded plates under impact loading,” Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top., vol. 227, pp. 17–27, 2018, doi: 10.1140/epjst/e2018-00114-9.
• [19] I. Szachogluchowicz et al., “Mechanical properties analysis of the AA2519-AA1050-Ti6Al4V explosive welded laminate,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 19, p. 4348, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13194348.
• [20] C.M. Chang, C.M. Lin, C.C. Hsieh, J.H. Chen, and W. Wu, “Micro-structural characteristics of Fe–40 wt%Cr–xC hardfacing alloys with [1.0–4.0 wt%] carbon content,” J. Alloy. Compd., vol. 487, no. 1–2, pp. 83–89, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.07.134.
• [21] S. Buytoz, “Microstructural properties of M7C3 eutectic carbides in a Fe-Cr-C alloy,” Mater. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 605–608, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.046.
• [22] Y. Matsubara, N. Sasaguri, K. Shimizu, and K. Yu, “Solidification and abrasion wear of white cast irons alloyed with 20% carbide forming elements,” Wear, vol. 250, pp. 502–510, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00599-3.
• [23] A. Bedolla-Jacuinde, B. Hernandez, and L. Bejar-Gomez, “SEM study on the M7C3 carbide nucleation during eutectic solidification of high-chromium white irons,” Z. Met. Res. Adv. Tech., vol. 96, pp. 1380–1385, 2005. doi: 10.3139/146.101188.
• [24] R.B. Pęcherski, K. Nalepka, T. Fras, and M. Nowak, “Inelastic Flow and Failure of Metallic Solids. Material Effort: Study across Scales,” in Constitutive Relations under Impact Loadings, Springer Vienna, 2014, pp. 245–285, doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1768-2_6.
• [25] J.T.H. Pearce, “The use of transmission electron microscopy to study the effects of abrasive wear on the matrix structure of a high chromium cast iron,” Wear, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 333–344, 1983. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(83)90154-0.
• [26] S. Ma et al., “Microstructure and crystallography of M7C3 carbide in chromium cast iron,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 161, pp. 65–73, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.05.008.
• [27] E. Eshed, D. Choudhuri, and S. Osovski, “M7C3: The story of a misunderstood carbide,” Acta Mater., vol. 235, p. 117985, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117985.
• [28] D.M. Jarząbek, C. Dziekoński, W. Dera, J. Chrzanowska, and T. Wojciechowski, “Influence of Cu coating of SiC particles on mechanical properties of Ni/SiC co-electrodeposited composites,” Ceram. Int., vol. 44, no. 17, pp. 21750–21758, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.271.
• [29] A. Monnet, A. Guitton, T. Fras, S. Bahi, and A. Rusinek, “Properties study of a high chromium hardfacing alloy applied to ballistic protection,” 20𝑡 ℎ International Conference On Textures Of Materials ICOTOM 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sciencesconf.org:icotom20:5223.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).