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Mieszanina polichlorowanych dibenzo-p-dioksyn i polichlorowanych dibenzofuranów : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

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EN
Mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits(OELs)
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
PL
Polichlorowane dibenzo-p-dioksyny (PCDDs) i polichlorowane dibenzofurany (PCDFs), nazywane powszechnie „dioksynami”, należą do halogenopochodnych węglowodorów aromatycznych charakteryzujących się: zbliżoną budową, właściwościami fizykochemicznymi oraz toksykologicznymi. Nie są stosowane komercyjnie, powstają jako produkty uboczne w trakcie: awarii, spalania, niektórych procesów przemysłowych itp. Wartości LD50 (0,002 ÷ 300 mg/kg) zależą od gatunku badanych zwierząt oraz budowy chemicznej związku. Dostępne w literaturze dane dotyczące toksyczności przewlekłej dotyczą głównie 2,3,7,8-TCDD i 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potencjalne drogi narażenia ludzi na PCDDs i PCDFs to: układ pokarmowy, płuca i skóra. Związki te są kumulowane głównie w wątrobie i tkance tłuszczowej. Ich polarne metabolity mogą podlegać sprzęganiu z kwasem glukuronowym i glutationem. Głównymi drogami wydalania są żółć i kał. U ssaków PCDDs i PCDFs są eliminowane również z mlekiem matki. Wyniki badań mutagenności i genotoksyczności PCDDs (głównie 2,3,7,8-TCDD) i PCDFs oraz ich wpływ na płodność i rozrodczość są niespójne. Spośród PCDDs i PCDFs związkiem najsilniej wpływającym na płodność, rozrodczość i rozwój płodów jest 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Podstawą do oceny działania rakotwórczego dioksyn (w tym 2,3,7,8-TCDD) i furanów u ludzi są badania epidemiologiczne. Kohorty obejmują osoby narażone zawodowo na: chlorofenole, herbicydy fenoksyoctowe oraz mieszaninę polichlorowanych dibenzodioksyn i furanów. PCDDs i PCDFs mają wsplólny mechanizm działania toksycznego związany z aktywacją receptora Ah. Związki te są uważane za induktory szeregu enzymów (np. CYP1A) i modulatory hormonów oraz czynników wzrostu. Aktywność CYP1A1 jest jednym z najczulszych wskaźników narażenia na 2,3,7,8-TCDD. U szczurów i myszy po podaniu 2,3,7,8-TCDD stwierdzono: gruczolakoraki i raki wątrobowokomórkowe oraz raki wywodzące się z przewodów żółciowych. Zmiany nowotworowe obserwowano także w innych narządach. Wyniki badań NTP wykazały również rakotwórcze działania 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Według IARC wystarczające dowody działania rakotwórczego na ludzi istnieją jedynie dla 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) i 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117- 31-4). Pozostałe PCDDs i PCDFs są zaliczane do substancji niemożliwych do zaklasyfikowania jako rakotwórcze dla człowieka. Za podstawę do wyznaczenia wartości NDS dla mieszniny PCDDs i PCDFs przyjęto wyniki przeprowadzonej w 2017 r. oceny ryzyka wystąpienia dodatkowego nowotworu wątroby u ludzi narażanych w środowisku pracy na 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Ryzyko to oceniono na – 10 - 4 dla 40 lat narażenia na związek o stężeniu 18 pg/m³ . W przypadku narażenia łącznego, zawartość polichlorowanych dibenzo-p-dioksyn i furanów w badanych próbkach, a także ich najwyższe dopuszczalne poziomy są wyrażane w postaci tzw. równoważnika sumarycznej toksyczności (TEQ), (ang. toxicity equivalent). Dla mieszaniny PCDDs i PCDFs zaproponowano przyjąć wartość 18 pg WHO2006-TEQ/m³ . Wynik wyrażony jako pg WHO-TEQ/m³ nie jest stężeniem, lecz określeniem sumarycznej toksyczności mieszaniny kongenerów dioksyn i furanów, zawartych w próbce w odniesieniu do TCDD. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.
EN
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), commonly known as „dioxins” are compounds with similar structure, physicochemical and toxicological properties. They are not used commercially, they are formed as by-products during certain industrial processes, combustion, failures, etc. LD50 values (0.002–300 mg/kg) depend on the species of the animal tested and the chemical structure of the particular compound. Information on chronic toxicity mainly relates to 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. Potential routes of human exposure are the digestive system, lungs and skin. These compounds are accumulated mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Their polar metabolites may undergo conjugation with glucuronic acid and glutathione. The main routes of excretion are bile and feces. In mammals, PCDDs/PCDFs are also eliminated in breast milk. The results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests of PCDDs (mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and PCDFs and their effects on fertility and reproduction are inconsistent. Among PCDDs and PCDFs, the compound that most strongly affects fertility, reproduction and fetal development is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Epidemiological studies are the basis for assessing the carcinogenic potential of dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-TCDD) and furans in humans. Cohorts include those occupationally exposed to chlorophenols, phenoxyacetic herbicides and a mixture of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. PCDDs/PCDFs have a common mechanism of toxic action associated with activation of the Ah receptor. PCDDs/ PCDFs are considered to be inducers of several enzymes (e.g. CYP1A) and modulators of hormones and growth factors. CYP1A1 activity is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Adenocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as bile ducts have been found in rats and mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Tumor changes have also been observed in other organs. NTP studies also showed carcinogenic effects of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. According to IARC, sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect on humans exists only for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (CAS: 1746-01-6) and 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF (CAS: 57117-31-4). Other PCDDs / PCDFs cannot be classified as carcinogenic to humans.
Rocznik
Strony
71--142
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr 242 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Medical University of Lodz
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Medical University of Lodz
  • Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny w Warszawie National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Higiene in Warsaw
  • Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź University of Lodz
  • Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny w Warszawie National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Higiene in Warsaw
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Medical University of Lodz
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Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).
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