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Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Polish Outdoor Workers: Risk Estimation Method and Criterion

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EN
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EN
This paper presents occupational skin exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of 122 Polish outdoor workers in spring and summer. In 65% of the cases, it was significant and exceeded 10 standard erythema doses (SED) during a work shift. The results provided grounds for (a) modifying hazard assessment based on the skin exposure factor proposed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and (b) developing a criterion of risk estimation. The modified method uses the UV index (UVI) instead of the geographical latitude and season factor. The skin exposure factor (Wes) of one is the criterion of risk estimation. Risk is low if the estimated value of Wes does not exceed one. If it does, suitable preventive measures are necessary and a corrected skin exposure factor (Wes *) is calculated to minimize its value to at least one. Risk estimated with that method was high in 67% of the cases.
Rocznik
Strony
107--116
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 23 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (COP-PIB), Poland
Bibliografia
  • 1.Diffey BL. Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems. Phys Med Biol. 1991;36(3):299–328.
  • 2.Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B. Solar ultraviolet radiation. Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://www.who.int/uv/health/solaruvradfull_180706.pdf.
  • 3.European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Expert forecast on emerging physical risks related to occupational safety and health. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2005. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/6805478.
  • 4.Wolska A, Flaspoler E, Reinert D, Hietanen M, Kaluza S, Udovicic L, et al. Emerging risk report on ultraviolet radiation [unpublished project P-06-07]. Bilbao, Spain: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Bilbao; 2006.
  • 5.Directive (2006/25/EC) of the European Parliament and of Council of 5 April 2006 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation). OJ. 2006;L114:38–58. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:114:0038:0059:EN:PDF.
  • 6.Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. OJ. 1989;L183:1–8. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1989:183:0001:0008:EN:PDF.
  • 7.Herlihy E, Gies HP, Roy CR, Jones M. Personal dosimetry of solar UV radiation for different outdoor activities. Photochem Photobiol. 1994;60(3):288–94.
  • 8.Knuschke P. Personal UV-monitoring in health prevention and risk analysis. UV News. 2006;(8):62–3. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://metrology.hut.fi/uvnet/source/uvnews8.pdf.
  • 9.Unverricht I, Janssen M, Ott G, Knuschke P. UV-monitoring at outdoor workplaces – a base for well-balanced health prevention regulations. UV News. 2006;(8):56–8. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://metrology.hut.fi/uvnet/source/uvnews8.pdf.
  • 10.Wester U, Boldemann C, Dal H, Josefs-son W, Landelius T, Paulsson LE, et al. Dosimeter study of pre-school children’s UV-exposure – a measurement evaluation. UV News. 2002;(7):35–38. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://metrology.hut.fi/uvnet/source/uvnews7.pdf.
  • 11.Wester U. Polysulphone and spore-film UV-dosimeters compared to a UVImonitoring instrument and to radiation model systems – evaluations for a UVdosimetry study 2004 of preschool children. UV News. 2006;(8):6–8. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://metrology.hut.fi/uvnet/source/uvnews8.pdf.
  • 12.Gies HP, Roy CR, Elliott G. Ultraviolet radiation protection factors for personal protection in both occupational and recreational situations. Radiation Protection in Australia. 1992;10(3):59–66.
  • 13.Holman CD, Gibson IM, Stephenson M, Armstrong BK. Ultraviolet irradiation on human body sites in relation to occupation and outdoor activities: field studies using personal UVR dosimeters. Clin Exp Derm. 1983;8(3):269–77.
  • 14.European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Measurement and assessment of personal exposure to incoherent optical radiation – part 3: UV-radiation emitted by the sun (Standard No. EN 14255-3:2008). Brussels, Belgium: CEN; 2008.
  • 15.International Commission on Illumination (CIE). Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose (Standard No. CIE S 007-1998). Vienna, Austria: CIE; 1998.
  • 16.McKinlay AF, Diffey BL. A reference action spectrum for ultra-violet induced erythema in human skin. CIE-Journal. 1987; 6(1):17–22.
  • 17.Larason TC. Avoiding errors in UV radiation measurements (Reprinted from the July 2001 issue of Photonics Spectra © Laurin Publishing). Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://www.olinet.com/content/library/1224167938R22_AVOIDINGERRORS-IN-UV-RADIATIONMSMTS_7-01.pdf.
  • 18.Ohno Y, Thompson AE. Photometry – the CIE V(λ) function and what can be learned from photometry. In: Measurements of optical radiation hazards, a reference book based on presentations given on optical radiation hazards (ICNIRP 6/98). Oberschleissheim, Germany: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP); 1998. p. 445–53.
  • 19.Coleman AJ, Collins M, Saunders JE. Traceable calibration of ultraviolet meters used with broadband, extended sources. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45(1):185–96.
  • 20.Vecchia, P, Hietanen M, Stuck BE, van Deventer E, Niu S, editors. Protecting workers from ultraviolet radiation (ICNIRP 14/2007). Oberschleissheim, Germany: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP); 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://cdrwww.who.int/uv/publications/Protecting_Workers_UV_pub.pdf.
  • 21.Bech-Thomsen N, Wulf HC. Photoprotection due to pigmentation and epidermal thickness after repeated exposure to ultraviolet light and psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1996;11(5–6):213–8.
  • 22.Wolska A, Latała A. Ocena ryzyka zawodowego związanego z ekspozycją na naturalne promieniowanie nadfioletowe [Assessment of the occupational risk related to exposition to natural ultraviolet radiation]. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy. 2011;(7–8):12–6. In Polish, with an abstract in English. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from: http://www.ciop.pl/50062.
  • 23.Łastowiecka E, Bugajska J, Konarska M, Jędryka-Góral A, Łopuszyńska M. Badanie wpływu naturalnego promieniowania UV na występowanie negatywnych skutków zdrowotnych u osób zatrudnionych na zewnętrznych stanowiskach pracy i opracowanie odpowiednich działań profilaktycznych [Investigating the influence of natural UV radiation on the negative health effects in people employed in outdoor workstations and developing relevant preventive measures] [unpublished report]. Warszawa, Poland: CIOP-PIB; 2008.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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