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Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The consensus protocol is essential in practically every blockchain application. Most of these existing blockchain consensus protocols need massive computa-tional capabilities, substantial energy consumption, and dependency on monetary stakes. These shortcomings in the mainstream consensus approach leadto their unsuitability for low-resource applications like IoT. As a result of thiswork, a lightweight consensus process referred as Delegated Proof of Accessibility (DPoAC) is implemented and evaluated. DPoAC makes use of Shamir secretsharing, Proof of Stake (PoS) with random selection, and the Inter-PlanetaryFile System (IPFS). The DPoAC operation is composed of four modules: secret generation and distribution, retrieval of secret shares, block creation and verification, and block rewards and penalty. A detailed description of DPoAChas been provided and implemented in JavaScript and experimental resultsdemonstrate that our solution meets the necessary performance and securityrequirements for a lightweight scalable protocol for IoT systems.
Słowa kluczowe
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
27--47
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ludhiana, India
autor
- Chandigarh University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gharaun, India
Bibliografia
- [1] Andrian Y., Kim H., Ju H.: A Distributed File-Based Storage System for Improving High Availability of Space Weather Data, Applied Sciences, vol. 9(23), 5024, 2019. doi: 10.3390/app9235024.
- [2] Aponte-Novoa F.A., Villanueva-Polanco R.: On Proof-of-Accuracy Consensus Protocols, Mathematics, vol. 10(14), 2504, 2022. doi: 10.3390/math10142504.
- [3] Athanere S., Thakur R.: Blockchain based hierarchical semi-decentralized approach using IPFS for secure and efficient data sharing, Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 34(4), pp. 1523–1534, 2022.doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.01.019.
- [4] Banafa A.: IoT and blockchain convergence: benefits and challenges, IEEE Internet of Things, 2017. https://iot.ieee.org/standards/37-newsletter/january-2017/208-iot-and-blockchain-convergence-benefits-and-challenges.html.
- [5] Chen Y., Li H., Li K., Zhang J.: An improved P2P file system scheme based on IPFS and Blockchain. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData), pp. 2652–2657, IEEE, 2017. doi: 10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258226.
- [6] Debus J.: Consensus methods in blockchain systems, Frankfurt School of Finance& Management, Blockchain Center, Technical Report, 2017.
- [7] Farahani B., Firouzi F., Luecking M.: The convergence of IoT and distributed ledger technologies (DLT): Opportunities, challenges, and solutions, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 177, 102936, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102936.
- [8] Fukumitsu M., Hasegawa S., Iwazaki J.y., Sakai M., Takahashi D.: A pro-posal of a secure P2P-type storage scheme by using the secret sharing and the blockchain. In: 2017 IEEE 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), pp. 803–810, IEEE, 2017.doi: 10.1109/aina.2017.11.
- [9] Geng T., Njilla L., Huang C.T.: Delegated Proof of Secret Sharing: A Privacy-Preserving Consensus Protocol Based on Secure Multiparty Computation for IoT Environment, Network, vol. 2(1), pp. 66–80, 2022. doi: 10.3390/network2010005.
- [10] Harris C.G.: Consensus-based secret sharing in blockchain smart contracts. In:2019 International Workshop on Big Data and Information Security (IWBIS),pp. 79–84, IEEE, 2019. doi: 10.1109/iwbis.2019.8935853.
- [11] Jennath H., Asharaf S.: Survey on blockchain consensus strategies. In: ICDSMLA 2019, pp. 637–654, Springer, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1420-3_68.
- [12] Kara M., Laouid A., Hammoudeh M., AlShaikh M., Bounceur A.: Proof of Chance: A Lightweight Consensus Algorithm for the Internet of Things, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18(11), pp. 8336–8345, 2022.doi: 10.1109/tii.2022.3168747.
- [13] Kaur M., Gupta S.: Blockchain Consensus Protocols: State-of-the-art and Future Directions. In: 2021 International Conference on Technological Advancements and Innovations (ICTAI), pp. 446–453, IEEE, 2021. doi: 10.1109/ictai53825.2021.9673260.
- [14] Kaur M., Gupta S.: Blockchain technology for convergence: An overview, applications, and challenges, Blockchain and AI Technology in the Industrial Internetof Things, pp. 1–17, 2021. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6694-7.ch001.
- [15] Kaur M., Gupta S., Kumar D., Raboaca M.S., Goyal S.B., Verma C.: IPFS: An Off-Chain Storage Solution for Blockchain. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Computing: ICRIC 2022, Volume 1, pp. 513–525, Springer, 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-9876-8_39.
- [16] Kaur M., Gupta S., Kumar D., Verma C., Neagu B.C., Raboaca M.S.: Delegated Proof of Accessibility (DPoAC): A Novel Consensus Protocol for Blockchain Systems, Mathematics, vol. 10(13), 2336, 2022. doi: 10.3390/math10132336.
- [17] Kaur M., Khan M.Z., Gupta S., Alsaeedi A.: Adoption of Blockchain With 5G Networks for Industrial IoT: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Potential Solutions, IEEE Access, pp. 981–997, 2021. doi: 10.1109/access.2021.3138754.
- [18] Kaur M., Khan M.Z., Gupta S., Noorwali A., Chakraborty C., Pani S.K.: MBCP: Performance analysis of large scale mainstream blockchain consensus protocols, IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 80931–80944, 2021. doi: 10.1109/access.2021.3085187.
- [19] Kudin A.M., Kovalenko B.A., Shvidchenko I.V.: Blockchain technology: Issues of analysis and synthesis, Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, vol. 55(3), pp. 488–495,2019. doi: 10.1007/s10559-019-00156-1.
- [20] Li X., Jiang P., Chen T., Luo X., Wen Q.: A survey on the security of blockchain systems, Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 107, pp. 841–853, 2020.doi: 10.1016/j.future.2017.08.020.
- [21] Liang W., Tang M., Long J., Peng X., Xu J., Li K.C.: A secure fabric blockchain-based data transmission technique for industrial Internet-of-Things, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15(6), pp. 3582–3592, 2019.doi: 10.1109/tii.2019.2907092.
- [22] Miglani A., Kumar N., Chamola V., Zeadally S.: Blockchain for Internet of Energy management: Review, solutions, and challenges,Computer Communications, vol. 151, pp. 395–418, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.014.
- [23] Naz M., Al-zahrani F.A., Khalid R., Javaid N., Qamar A.M., Afzal M.K., Shafiq M.: A secure data sharing platform using blockchain and interplanetaryfile system, Sustainability, vol. 11(24), 7054, 2019. doi: 10.3390/su11247054.
- [24] Salimitari M., Chatterjee M., Yuksel M., Pasiliao E.: Profit maximization forbitcoin pool mining: A prospect theoretic approach. In: 2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC), pp. 267–274,IEEE, 2017. doi: 10.1109/cic.2017.00043.
- [25] Shamir A.: How to Share a Secret (1979). In: H.R. Lewis (ed.), Ideas That Createdthe Future, pp. 475–478, MIT Press, 2021. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/12274.003.0048.
- [26] Ullah Z., Raza B., Shah H., Khan S., Waheed A.: Towards Blockchain-Based Secure Storage and Trusted Data Sharing Scheme for IoT Environment, IEEEAccess, vol. 10, pp. 36978–36994, 2022. doi: 10.1109/access.2022.3164081.
- [27] Yaga D., Mell P., Roby N., Scarfone K.: Blockchain technology overview, arXiv preprint arXiv:190611078, 2019. doi: 10.6028/NIST.IR.8202.
- [28] Zhang E., Li M., Yiu S.M., Du J., Zhu J.Z., Jin G.G.: Fair hierarchical secret sharing scheme based on smart contract, Information Sciences, vol. 546,pp. 166–176, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2020.07.032.
- [29] Zhou J., Feng Y., Wang Z., Guo D.: Using secure multi-party computation toprotect privacy on a permissioned blockchain, Sensors, vol. 21(4), 1540, 2021.doi: 10.3390/s21041540.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-e9abb5c9-d720-4018-988c-893949c709e5
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