Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Upper Visean Paprotnia Beds (Bardo Unit, Polish Sudetes) using ichnological and palaeontological data

• Autorzy: Muszer J. , Uglik M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In this paper the trace fossil associations and the taphocoenoses from the Upper Visean Paprotnia Beds (Bardo Unit) have been compared. Eleven ichnogenera have been recognized (Zoophycos, Chondrites, Protovirgularia, Lockeia, Palaeophycus, Nereites, Planolites, Altichnus, Paleobuprestis, cf. Thalassinoides and ?daedaloid form). A new ichnospecies Paleobuprestis sudeticus has been defined herein. It is the oldest wood-boring trace fossil observed in macroscale and the first wood-boring trace fossil preserved on the archaeocalamites stems. Based on ichnodiversity and relative abundance of trace fossils in the investigated strata three ichnoassociations have been distinguished: Zoophycos–Chondrites–Palaeophycus, Palaeophycus–Nereites and Paleobuprestis. Vertical succession of both the taphocoenoses and ichnoassociations reflects the different colonization stages of the substrate and is linked to bathymetric changes in the marine basin from offshore to nearshore conditions in warm climate at low latitude. The Paprotnia profile is a unique record of the Asbian–Brigantian transition.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

palaeoenvironment; taphoceonoses; trace fossils; ichnoassociations; Upper Visean; Sudetes

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: Vol. 57, No. 3
• Strony: 365--384
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 158 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Muszer J.

• Institute of Geological Sciences, Wrocław University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Uglik M.

• Institute of Geological Sciences, Wrocław University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Abbassi N. (2007) Shaliow marine trace fossils from Upper Devonian sediments of the Kuh-e Zard, Zefreh area, Central Iran. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, 31: 23-33.
• 2. August C., Haydukiewicz J., Muszer J. (2003) Bentonites of Lower Carboniferous from the Bardo Mts unit (Western Sudetes). Mineralogical Society of Poland, Special Papers, 22: 15-18.
• 3. Beadle S.C. (1988) Dasyclads, cyclocrinitids and receptaculitids: comparative morphology and palaeoecology. Lethaia, 21:1-12.
• 4. Belayeva N.V., Rasnitsyn A.P., Quicke D.L.J., eds. (2002) History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publication.
• 5. Benton M.J. (1982) Dictyodora and associated trace fossils from the Palaeozoic from Thuringia. Lethaia, 15: 115-132.
• 6. Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharya H.N. (2007) Implications of trace fossil assemblages from Late Paleozoic glaciomarine Talchir Formation, Raniganj Basin, India. Gondwana Research, 12: 509-524.
• 7. Bottjer D.J., Droser M.L., Jablonski D. (1988) Palaeoenvironmental trends in the history of trace fossils. Nature, 333: 252-255.
• 8. Brett C.E., Boucot A.J., Jones B. (1993) Absolute depths of Silurian benthic assemblages. Lethaia, 26: 25-40.
• 9. Bromley R.G. (1991) Zoophycos: stripmine, refuse dump, cache or sewage farm? Lethaia, 24: 460-462.
• 10. Bromley R.G. (1996) Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London.
• 11. Bromley R.G., Ekdale A.A. (1984) Chondrites: a trace fossil indicator of anoxia in sediment. Science, 224: 872-874.
• 12. Bromley R.G., Hanken N.M. (1991) The growth vector in trace fossils: Examples from the Lower Cambrian of Norway. Ichnos, 1: 261-276.
• 13. Bruckschen P., Veizer J. (1997) Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Dinantian brachiopods: paleoenvironmental implications for the Lower Carboniferous of Western Europe. Palaeoeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 132: 243-264.
• 14. Buatois L.A., Mángano M.G. (2011) Ichnology: Organism-Substrate Interactions in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press.
• 15. Buch C.L. von (1839) Über Goniatiten und Clymenien in Schlesien. Physikalische Abhandlung der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1838: 149-169.
• 16. Burton B.R., Link P.K. (1991) Ichnology of finegrained mixed carbonate-siliciclastic turbidites, Wood River Formation, Pennsylvanian-Permian, south-central Idaho. Palaios, 6: 291-301.
• 17. Chrząstek A. (2008) Vertebrate remains from the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Górne (North-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland). Geological Quarterly, 52 (3): 225-238.
• 18. Chrząstek A. (2012) Palaeontology of the Middle Tortonian limei stones of the Nysa Kłodzka Graben (Sudetes, SW Poland): biostratigraphical and palaeogeographical implications. Geologos, 18 (2): 83-109.
• 19. Chrząstek A., Wojewoda J. (2011) Mesozoic of South-Western Poland (The North Sudetic Synklinorium) (in Polish with English summary). In: Mezozoik i kenozoik Dolnego Śląska (eds. A. Żelaźniewicz, J. Wojewoda and W. Ciężkowski): 1-10. WIND, Wrocław.
• 20. Cichan M.A., Tayl or T.N. (1982) Wood-borings in Premnoxylon: plant-animal interactions in the Carboniferous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 39: 123-127.
• 21. Crimes T.P. (1987) Trace fossils and correlation of late Precambrian and early Cambrian strata. Geological Magazine, 124: 97-119.
• 22. Crimes T.P. (1992) Changes in the trace fossil biota across the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary. Journal of the Geological Society, 149: 637-646.
• 23. Crimes T.P., Anderson M.M. (1985) Trace fossils from the late Precambrian-early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): temporal and environmental implications. Journal of Palaeontology, 59: 310-343.
• 24. Doyle P., Poiré D.G., Spalletti L.A., Pirrie D., Brenchley P., Matheos S.D. (2005) Relative oxygenation of the Tithonian- Valanginian Vaca Muerta - Chachao formations of the Mendoza Shelf, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Geological Society Special Publications, 252: 185-206.
• 25. Ehrenberg K. (1944) Erganzende Bemerkungen zu den seinerzeit aus dem Miozän von Burgschleinitz beschreibenen Gangkern und Bauten dekapoder Krebse. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 23: 354-359.
• 26. Ekdale A.A. (1992) Muck raking and mudslinging: the joys of deposit-feeding. The Paleontological Society. Short Courses in Paleontology, 5: 145-171.
• 27. Ekdale A.A., Bromley R.G. (1984) Comparative ichnology of shelf-sea and deep-sea chalk. Journal of Palaeontology, 58: 322-332.
• 28. Ekdale A.A., Bromley R.G. (2003) Paleoethologic interpretation of complex Thalassinoides in shaliow-marine limestones, Lower Ordovician, southern Sweden. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 221-227.
• 29. Ekdale A.A., Lewis D.W. (1991) The New Zeai and Zoophycos revisited: morphology, ethology and palaeoecology. Ichnos, 1: 1 83-1 94.
• 30. Ekdale A.A., Mason T.R. (1988) Characteristic trace-fossil associations in oxygen-poor sedimentary environments. Geology, 16: 720-723.
• 31. Fedorowski J. (1971) Aulophyllidae (Tetracoralla) from the Upper Viséan of Sudetes and Holy Cross Mountains. Palaeontologia Polonica, 24: 1-137.
• 32. Flügel E. (1985) Diversity and environments of Permian and Triassic Dasycladacean algae. In: Paleoalgology: Contemporary Research and Applica- ions (eds. D.F. Toomey and M.H. Nitecki): 344-351. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo.
• 33. Frey R.W. (1975) The Study of Trace Fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York.
• 34. Frey R.W., Pemberton S.G. (1984) Trace fossils Facies Models. In: Facies Models (ed. R.G. Walker): 189-207. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series.
• 35. Frey R.W., Seilacher A. (1980) Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology. Lethaia, 13: 183-207.
• 36. Frey R.W., Curran A.H., Pemberton G.S. (1984) Tracemaking activities of crabs and their environmental significance: the ichnogenus Psilonichnus. Journal of Palaeontology, 58: 511-528.
• 37. Frey R.W., Pemberton S.G., Saunders T.D.A. (1990) Ichnofacies and bathymetry: a passive relationship. Journal of Paleontology, 64 (1): 155-158.
• 38. Fu S. (1991) Funktion, Verchalten und Einteilung fucoider und lophoctenoider Lebensspuren. Courier Forschungsinstitute Senckenberg, 135: 1-79.
• 39. Fu S., Werner F. (1995) Is Zoophycos a feeding trace? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 195: 37-47.
• 40. Gaillard C., Olivero D. (1993) Interpretation paleoecologique nouvelle de Zoophycos Massalongo, 1855. A new paleoecologic interpretation of Zoophycos Massalongo, 1855. Comptes Rendus de l' Academie des Sciences, Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l' Univers, Sciences de la Terre, 316 (6): 823-830.
• 41. Gaillard C., Racheboeuf P. (2006) Trace fossils from nearshore to offshore environments: Lower Devonian of Bolivia. Journal of Palaeontology, 80: 1205-1226.
• 42. Gaillard C., Hennebert M., Olivero D. (1999) Lower Carboniferous Zoophycos from the Tournai area (Belgium): environmental and ethologic significance. Geobios, 32 (4): 513-524.
• 43. Galtier J., Scott A.C. (1994; for 1993) Arborescent gymnosperms from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edi nburgh: Earth Sciences, 84: 261-266.
• 44. Geinitz H.B. (1867) Die organischen Überreste im Dachschiefer von Würzbach bei Löbenstein (in German). Nova Acta Academia Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina German Naturae Curiosum, 33 (3): 1-24.
• 45. Genise J.F. (1995) Upper Cretaceous trace fossils in permineralized plant remains from Patagonia, Argentina. Ichnos, 3: 287-299.
• 46. George T.N., Johnson G.A.L., Mitchell M., Prentice J.E., Ramsbottom W.H.C., Sevastopulo G.D., Wilson R.B. (1976) A correlation of Dinantian rocks in the British Isles. Geoiogical Society London, Special Report, No 7.
• 47. Gluszek A. (1998) Trace fossils from Late Carboniferous storm deposits, Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 43 (3): 517-546.
• 48. Gong Y.-M., Shi G.R., Weldon E.A., Du Y.-S., Xu R. (2008) Pyrite framboids interpreted as microbial colonies within the Permian Zoophycosspreiten from southeastern Australia. Geological Magazine, 145 (1): 95-103.
• 49. Górecka T. (1958) Lower Carboni ferous Flora of the Bardo Mts. Lower Silesia (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 129: 199-197.
• 50. Górecka T., Mamet B. (1970) Sur quelques microfaciés carbonatés paléozoiques des Sudétes polonaises (Monts de Bardo). Revue de Micropaléontologie, 13: 155-164.
• 51. Górecka-Nowak A., Muszer J. (2011) Palynology of the upper Visean Paprotnia Beds (Bardo Unit, Polish Sudetes). Geological Quarterly, 55 (2): 165-180.
• 52. Grimaldi D., Engel M. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. 1st edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
• 53. Hall J. (1847) Palaeontology of New York, 1. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany.
• 54. Harland W.E.B., Armstrong R.L., Cox A.V., Craig L.E., Smith A.G., Smith D.G. (1989) A geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
• 55. Hasiotis S.T. (2004) Reconnaissance of Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation ichnofossils, Rocky Mountain, USA: paleoenvironmnetal, stratigraphic, and paleoclimatic significance of terrestrial and freshwater ichnocoenoses. Sedimentary Geology, 167: 1 77-268.
• 56. Hasiotis S.T., Bown T.M., Abston C. (1994) Photoglossary of marine and continental ichnofossils, volume 1. U. S. Geoiogical Survey Digital Data Series (DDS) Publication, CD-ROM disc, DDS-23.
• 57. Haydukiewicz J. (1990) Stratigraphy of Paleozoic rocks of the Góry Bardzkie and some remarks on their sedimentation (Poland). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 179: 275-284.
• 58. Haydukiewicz J. (2002) Thermal alteration of conodonts in Devonian to Lower Carbon i ferous rocks of the Góry Bardzkie Mts (in Polish with English summary). Acta Universitas Wratislavienses. Prace Geologiczno-Mineralogiczne, 72: 1-30.
• 59. Haydukiewicz J., Muszer J. (2002) Offshore to onshore transition in the Upper Viséan paleontological record from the Paprotnia section (Bardo Mts., West Sudetes). Geologia Sudetica, 34: 17-38.
• 60. Haydukiewicz J., Muszer J. (2004) Węgiel drzewny w osadach serii Paprotni (Góry Bardzkie) jako świadectwo wczesno- karbońskich pożarów. In: Zapis paleontologiczny jako wskaźnik paleośrodowisk. XIX Konferencja Naukowa Paleobiologów i Biostratygrafów Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego. Wrocław 16-18 września 2004 r. (ed. J. Muszer): 29-31.
• 61. Häntzschel W. (1962) Trace fossils and problematica. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part W. (ed. R.C. Moore). The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.
• 62. Häntzschel W. (1975) Trace fossils and problematica. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. PartW. suppl. I. (ed. C. Teichert). The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas. Lawrence and Boulder.
• 63. Hoffmann M., Paszkowski M., Uchman A., Szulc J. (2009) Excursion A5, Facies succession and its controls on the Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous carbonate platform of the Kraków Upland. In: Abstract and Field Guide, 6th Annual Conference of SEPM-CES, Sediment 2009, Kraków, 24-25 June, 2009 (ed. G. Haczewski): 49-81. Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa.
• 64. Hofmann R., Goudemand R., Wasmer M., Bucher H., Hautmann M. (2011) New trace fossil evidence for an early recovery signal in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 310: 216-226.
• 65. Hu B., Wang G., Goldring R. (1998) Nereites (or Neonereites) from lower Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of Henan, ceniral China. Ichnos, 6: 203-209.
• 66. James U.P. (1879) Description of new species of fossils and reimarks on some others, from the Lower and Upper Silurian rocks of Ohio. Paleontologist, 3: 17-24.
• 67. Jerzykiewicz T. (1971) A flysch/littoral succession in the Sudetic Upper Cretaceous. Acta Geologica Polonica, 21: 165-200.
• 68. Joseph J.K., Patel S.J., Bhatt N.Y. (2012) Trace fossil assemblages in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kala- dongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Journal Geological Society of India, 80: 1 89-21 4.
• 69. Keighley D.G., Pickerill R.K. (1995) The ichnotaxa Palaeophycus and Planolites: historical perspectives and recommendations. Ichnos, 3: 301-309.
• 70. Keighley D.G., Pickerill R.K. (1997) Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland groups (Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 1: burrows, pits, trails and coprolites. Atlantic Geology, 33: 181-215.
• 71. Knaust D. (2009) Complex behavioural pattern as an aid to identify the producer of Zoophycos from the Middle Permi an of Oman. Lethaia, 42 (2): 146-154.
• 72. Kotake N. (1989) Paleoecology of the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia, 22: 327-341.
• 73. Kotake N. (1991) Non-selective surface deposit feeding by the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia, 24: 379-385.
• 74. Kotake N. (1997) Ethological interpretation of the trace fossil Zoophycos in the Hikoroichi Formation (Lower Carboniferous), southern Kitakami Mountains, Northeast Japan. Paleontological Research, 1 (1): 15-28.
• 75. Kryza R., Haydukiewicz J., August C., Muszer J., Jurasik M., Rodionov N. (2007) Prei im i nary SHRIMP zircon age of a bentonite from the Lower Carboniferous Paprotnia series of the Bardo Unit (Sudetes, SW Poland). Mineralogia Polonica Special Papers, 31: 189-192.
• 76. Kryza R., Muszer J., August C., Haydukiewicz J., Jurasik M. (2008) Lower Carboniferous bentonites in the Bardo Structural Unit (central Sudetes): geological context, petrology and palaeotectonic setting. Geologia Sudetica, 40: 19-31.
• 77. Kryza R., Muszer J., Haydukiewicz J., August C., Jurasik M., Rodionov N. (2011) A SIMS zircon age for a biostratigraphically dated Upper Viséan (Asbian) bentonite in the Central-European Variscides (Bardo Unit, Polish Sudetes). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 100: 1227-1235.
• 78. Kühne F. (1930) Die Fauna des deutschen Unter-karbons. Die Gastropoden. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 122: 93-141.
• 79. Labandeira C.C. (1998) Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 26: 329-377.
• 80. Labandeira C.C. (2001) Rise and diversification of insects. In: Palaeobiology II (eds. D.E.G. Briggs and P.R. Crowther): 82-88. Blackwell Science. Oxford.
• 81. Labandeira C.C., Phillips T.L., Norton R.A. (1997) Oribatid mites and the decomposition of plant tissues in Paleozoic coal-swamp forests. Palaios, 12: 319-353.
• 82. Lehotský T., Bábek O., Mikuláš R., Zapletal J. (2002) Trace fossils as indicators of depositional sequence boundaries in Lower Carboniferous deep-sea fan environment, Moravice Formation, Czech Republic. Geolines, 14: 59-60.
• 83. Leszczyński S. (2010) Coniacian-?Santonian paralic sedimentation in the Rakowice Małe area of the North Sudetic Basin, SW Poland: sedimentary facies, ichnological record and palaeogeographical reconstruction of an evolving marine embayment. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 80: 1-24.
• 84. Leuschner D.C., Sirocko F., Grootes P.M., Erlenkeuser H. (2002) Possible influence of Zoophycos bioturbation on radiocarbon dating and environmental interpretation. Marine Micropaleontology, 46: 11-126.
• 85. Llompart C., Wieczorek J. (1997) Trace fossils from Culm facies of Minorca Isi and. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 157: 99-101.
• 86. Löwemark L., Schönfeld J., Werner F., Schäfer P. (2004) Trace fossils as a paleoceanographic tool: evidence from late Quaternary sediments of the southwestern Iberian margin. Marine Geology, 204: 27-41.
• 87. Löwemark L., Lin I.-T., Wang C.-H., Schönfeld J. (2007) A test of the gardening hypothesis for the trace fossil Zoophycos. SEPM Special Publications, 88: 79-86.
• 88. MacLeay W.S. (1839) Note on the Annelida. In: The Siiurian System. Part II. Organic Remains (ed. R.I. Murchison): 699-701. J. Murray, London.
• 89. Mángano M.G., Buatois L.A., Maples C.G., West R.R. (2000) A new ichnospecies of Nereites from Carboniferous tidal-flat facies of Eastern Kansas, USA: implications for the Nereites- Neonereites debate. Journal of Paleontology, 74 (1): 149-157.
• 90. Martin A.J. (2009) Applications of trace fossils to interpreting paleoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy. Georgia Geological Society Guidebook, 29: 35-42.
• 91. Massalongo A.B. (1855) Zoophycos, Novum Genus Plantarum Fossilium, Typis Antonellianis. Veronae: 45-52.
• 92. McCoy F. (1850) On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 2, 6: 270-290.
• 93. McIlroy D., ed. (2004) The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society, Special Publications, 228.
• 94. McIlroy D., Falcon-Lang H. (2006) Discovery and palaeoenvironmental implications of a Zoophycos-group trace fossil (?Echinospira) from the Middle Pennsylvanian Sydney Mines Formation of Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 42 (1): 31-35.
• 95. Mikuláš R. (2006) Ichnofabric and substrate consistency in Upper Turonian carbonates of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic). Geologica Carpathica, 57 (2): 79-90.
• 96. Mikuláš R., Lehotský T., Bábek O. (2004) Trace fossils of the Moravice Formation from the southern Nízký Jeseník Mts. (Lower Carboniferous, Culm facies; Moravia, Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 79 (2): 81-98.
• 97. Miller M.F. (1991) Morphology and paleoenvironmental distribution of Paleozoic Spirophyton and Zoophycos Ichnofacies. Palaios, 6: 410-425.
• 98. Miller S.A., Dyer C.B. (1878) Contribution to paleontology. No 1. The Journal of Cincinnati Society Natural History, 1: 24-39.
• 99. Miller W. III. (2003) Paleobiology of complex trace fossils. Palaeo- geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 3-14.
• 100. Miller W. III. (2007) Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier.
• 101. Miller W. III., D’Alberto L. (2001) Paleoethologic implications of Zoophycos from Late Cretaceous and Paleocene limestones of the Venetian Prealps, northeastern Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 166: 237-247.
• 102. Monaco P., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. (2012) Ichnological analysis of lateral environmental heterogeneity within the Bonarelli level (Uppermost Cenomanian) in the classical localities near Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy. Palaios, 27: 48-54.
• 103. Muszer J., Haydukiewicz J. (2009) Occurrence of the trace fossil Zoophycos from the Upper Viséan Paprotnia beds of the Bardo Structural Unit (Sudetes, SW Poland). Geologia Sudetica, 41: 57-66.
• 104. Muszer J., Haydukiewicz J. (2010) First Paleozoic Zoophycos trace fossils from the Sudetes (the Bardo Unit). Geological Quarterly, 54 (3): 381-384.
• 105. Myrow P.M. (1995) Thalassinoides and the enigma of Early Paleozoic open-framework burrow systems. Palaios, 10: 58-74.
• 106. Nicholson H.A. (1873) Contributions to the study of the errant annelids of the older Paleozoic rocks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 21: 288-290.
• 107. Oberc J. (1957) Region Gór Bardzkich (Sudety). Przewodnik dla geologów. Wydawnictwo Geologiczne, Warszawa.
• 108. Olivero D. (1996) Zoophycos distribution and sequence stratigraphy. Examples from the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in southeastern France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 123: 273-287.
• 109. Olivero D. (2003) Early Jurassic to Late Creaceous evoluion of Zoophycos in the French Subalpine Basin (southeastern France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192: 59-78.
• 110. Olivero D. (2007) Zoophycos and the role of type specimens in ichnotaxonomy. In: Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects (ed. W. Miller III): 219-231. Elsevier B.V.
• 111. Olivero E.B., Medina F.A., López C.M.I. (2009) The stratigraphy of Cretaceous mudstones in the eastern Fuegian Andes: new data from body and trace fossils. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64 (1): 60-69.
• 112. Orr P.J., Benton M.J., Trewin N.H. (1996) Deep marine trace fossil assemblages from the Lower Carboniferous of Menorca, Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean. Geological Journal, 31: 235-258.
• 113. Osgood R.G., Szmuc E. (1972) The trace fossil Zoophycos as an indicator of water depth. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 62: 1 -22.
• 114. Paeckelmann W. (1930) Die Fauna des deutschen Unterkarbons. Die Brachiopoden. Teil 1. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 122: 143-326.
• 115. Paeckelmann W. (1931) Die Fauna des deutschen Unterkarbons. Die Brachiopoden. Teil 2. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 136: 1-440.
• 116. Pemberton S.G., Frey R.W. (1982) Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma. Journal of Paleontology, 56: 843-881.
• 117. Pemberton S.G., MacEachern J.A., Frey R.W. (1992) Trace fossil facies models: environmental and allostratigraphic significance. In: Facies Models: Responses to Sea Level Change (eds. R.G. Walker and N. James): 47-72. Geoiogi cal Association of Canada Publications.
• 118. Ramsbottom W.H.C. (1973) Transgressions and regressions in the Dinantian: a new synhesis of British Dinantian stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 39: 567-607.
• 119. Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. (2004) Ichnotaxonomic analysis of the Creaceous/Palaeogene boundary inerval in the Agost section, south-east Spain. Cretaceous Research, 25: 635-647.
• 120. Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Payros A., Orue-Etxebarria X., Apellaniz E., Molina E. (2010) Sea level dynamics and palaeoecological factors affecting trace fossil distribution in Eocene turbiditic deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 285: 50-65.
• 121. Roemer F. von (1857) Ueber Fisch- und Pflanzen-fürrende Mergelschiefer des Rothliegenden bei Klein-Neundorf unweit Löwenberg, und im Besonderen über Acanthodes gracilis, den am häufigsten in denselben vorkommenden Fisch. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, IX, 7: 51-65.
• 122. Rolfe W.D.I., Durant G., Fallick A.E., Hall A.J., Large Scott A.C., Smithson T.R., Walkden G. (1990) An early terresrial biota preserved by Visean vulcanicity in Scotland. GSA Special Publications, 244: 13-24.
• 123. Rotnicka J. (2005) Ichnofabrics of the Upper Creaceous finegrained rocks from the Stołowe Mountains (Sudetes, SW Poland). Geological Quarterly, 49 (1): 15-30.
• 124. Rouault M. (1850) Note préliminaire (1) sur une nouvelle formation découverte dans le terrain silurien inférieur de la Bretagne (in French). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, sér. 2, 7: 724-744.
• 125. Savrda C.E. (1995) Ichnologic applications in paleoceanographic, paleoclimatic, and sea-level studies. Palaios, 10: 565-577.
• 126. Savrda C.E. (2007) Trace fossils and marine benthic oxygen action. In: Trace Fossils - Concepts, Problems, Prospects (ed. W. Miller III): 149-158. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• 127. Savrda C.E., Bottjer D.J. (1986) Trace fossil model for reconstruction of paleooxygenation in bottom waters. Geology, 14: 3-6.
• 128. Schmidt H. (1925) Die Karbonischen Goniatiten Deutschland. Jahrbuch Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 45: 489-609.
• 129. Scott A.C., Taylor T.N. (1983) Plant/animal interactions during the Upper Carboniferous. Botanical Review, 49: 259-307.
• 130. Scott A.C., Stephenson J., Chaloner W.G. (1992) Interaction and coevolution of plants and arthropods during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B., 335: 129-165.
• 131. Seilacher A. (1967) Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology, 5: 413-428.
• 132. Seilacher A. (1986) Evolution of behaviour as expressed in marine trace fossils. In: Evolution of Animal Behavior: Paleontological and Field Approaches (eds. M.H. Nitecki and J.A. Kitchell): 62-87. Oxford University Press, New York.
• 133. Seilacher A. (1990) Aberrations in bivalve evolution related to photo- and chemosymbiosis. Historical Biology, 3: 289-311.
• 134. Seilacher A. (2007) Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• 135. Seilacher A., Meischner D. (1965) Facies-Analyse im Paläozoikum des Oslo-Gebietes. Geologische Rundschau, 54 (2): 596-619.
• 136. Sternberg G.K. von (1833) Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. IV Heft. Fr. Fleischer, Leip zig.
• 137. Sprechmann P., Gaucher C., Blanco G., Montana J. (2004) Stromatolitic and trace fossils community of the Cerro Victoria Formation, Arroyo del Soldado Group (Lowermost Cambrian, Uruguay). Gondwana Research, 7: 753-766.
• 138. Tyszka J. (1994) Paleoenvironmental implications from ichnological and microfaunal analyses of Bajocian Spotty Carbonates, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Polish Carpathians. Palaios, 9: 175-187.
• 139. Uchman A. (1995) Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: the Marnoso-Arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria, 15: 3-115.
• 140. Uchman A. (1998) Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: revision of the Marian Książkiewicz Collection and studies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 68: 105-218.
• 141. Uchman A. (1999) Ichnology of the Rhenodanubian Flysch (Lower Cretaceous-Eocene) in Austria and Germany. Beringeria, 25: 67-173.
• 142. Uchman A. (2007) Deep-sea trace fossils from the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic flysch of the Monte Antola Formation (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian), North Apennines, Italy. Cretaceous Research, 28: 980-1004.
• 143. Uchman A., Gaździcki A. (2006) New trace fossils from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene) of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Polish Polar Research, 27 (2): 153-170.
• 144. Uglik M. (2010) Ichnofossils of the Paprotnia series (Bardo Mts.)(in Polish with English summary). Unpublished MSc Thesis, University Wrocław.
• 145. Wajsprych B. (1986) Sedimentary record of tectonic activity on a Devonian-Carboniferous continental margin. Sudetes. In: IAS 7th European Regional Meeting, Excursion Guidebook, Kraków, Poland (ed. A.K. Teisseyre): 141-164.
• 146. Wajsprych B. (1995) The Bardo Mts. rock complex: the Famennian-Lower Carboniferous pre-flysch (platform) - to flysch (foreland) basin succession, the Sudetes. In: Guide to Excursion B2 of XIII International Congress on Carboniferous-Permian 28.08-02.09.1995 Kraków, XIII ICC-P: 23-42. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 147. Wajsprych B., Jędrysek M.O. (1994) S13C and S18O values as indicator of changing environment of Late Visean Paprotnia Series sedimentation and diagenesis; the Sudetes Mts. Isotope Workshop II, 25-27 May 1994, Książ Castle: 183-186.
• 148. Walker M.V. (1938) Evidence of Triassic insects in the Petrified Forest National Monument, Arizona. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 85: 137-141.
• 149. Warnke K. (1997) Microbial carbonate production in a starved basin: The crenistria Limestone of the upper Viséan German Kulm facies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 130: 209-225.
• 150. Watkins R., Coorough P.J. (1997) Silurian Thalassinoides in an offshore carbonate community, Wisconsin, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 129: 109-117.
• 151. Weller S. (1899) Kinderhook faunal studi es. 1. The fauna of the vermicular sandstone at Northview, Webster County, Missouri. Transactions of the Academy of Science, St. Louis, 9: 9-51.
• 152. Wetzel A. (1991) Ecologic interpretation of deep-sea trace fossil communities. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 85: 47-69.
• 153. Wetzel A. (2002) Modern Nereites in the South China Sea -ecological association with redox conditions in the sediment. Palaios, 17: 507-515.
• 154. Wetzel A., Uchman A. (2001) Sequential colonization of muddy turbidites in the Eocene Beloveža Formation, Carpathians, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168: 171-186.
• 155. Wetzel A., Blechschmidt I., Uchman A., Matter A. (2007) A highly diverse ichnofauna in late Triassic deep-sea fan deposits of Oman. Palaios, 22: 567-576.
• 156. Yurewicz D. (1977) Sedimentology of Mississippian basin-facies carbonates, New Mexico and west Texas - the Rancheria Formation. SEPM Special Publications, 25: 203-219.
• 157. Zapletal J., Pek I. (1999) Ichnofacies of the Lower Carboniferous in the Jeseník Culm (Moravo-Silesian Region, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). Věstnik Českého geologického ústavu, 73 (3): 343-346.
• 158. Zimmermann E. (1893) Dictyodora liebeana Weiss, eine rätselhafte Versteinerung (in German). Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, 8 (16): 155-158.