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Iran has been waging a hybrid war against Israel since the Islamic revolution of 1979. In an era when conventional wars have given way to a different method, hybrid warfare, the main challenge facing states is how to deal with this new type of security threat. Thus, while states have previously faced security threats from regular enemy states’ armies, nowadays hybrid warfare in which non-state actors play a key role has become a widespread security threat that requires democratic states to use very different strategies and tactics to overcome it. Using securitisation theory, which explores how normal issues transform into security threats, this article analyses how the State of Israel has securitised Iranian hybrid warfare which has been mainly executed through its proxy terror organisations of Hezbollah. It does so by applying a revised version of the Copenhagen School’s securitisation framework, which focuses on security practices and is underpinned by an understanding of security as belonging to a continuum. The proxy terror organisations have moved towards the end point of the continuum, which is characterised by survival, existential threats, and militarisation, albeit without completely reaching the end point.
Słowa kluczowe
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
99--114
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 45 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- International Centre for Policing and Security, University of South Wales, CF37 1DL, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
autor
- International Centre for Policing and Security, University of South Wales, CF37 1DL, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
Bibliografia
- 1. Abrahamsen, R. (2005) ‘Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear’, Alternatives, 30, pp. 55–80. doi: 10.1177/030437540503000103.
- 2. Abulof, U. (2014) ‘Deep securitization and Israel’s Demographic Demon’, International Political Sociology, 8, pp. 396–415. doi: 10.1111/ips.12070.
- 3. Bachmann, S.D. (2018) ‘The Current Crisis in the Persian Gulf in the Context of Hybrid Warfare’, Australian Defense Force Journal (204), pp. 53–60.
- 4. Balzacq, T. (2008) ‘The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(1), pp. 75–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00768.x.
- 5. Balzacq, T., Léonard, S. and Ruzicka, J. (2016) ‘Securitization’ Revisited: Theory and Cases’, International Relations, 30(4), pp. 494–531. doi: 10.1177/0047117815596590.
- 6. Bergman, R. (2018) Rise and Kill First: the secret story of Israel’s targeted assassinations. New York: Random House.
- 7. Bigo, D. (1998a) ‘Sécurité et immigration: vers une gouvernementalité par l’inquiétude?’, Cultures & Conflits, 31–32, pp. 13–38. doi: 10.4000/conflits.539.
- 8. Bigo, D. (1998b) ‘L’Europe de la sécurité intérieure: Penser autrement la sécurité’, in Le Gloannec, A.M., (eds.), Entre Union et Nations. L’Etat en Europe. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 55–90.
- 9. Bigo, D. (2000) ‘When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitizations in Europe’, in Kelstrup, M. and Williams, M. C., (eds.) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security and Community. London: Routledge, pp. 171–204.
- 10. Bigo, D. (2001a) ‘Migration and Security’, in Guiraudon, V. and Joppke, C. (eds.) Controlling a New Migration World. London: Routledge, pp. 121–149.
- 11. Bigo, D. (2001b) ‘The Möbius Ribbon of Internal and External Security(ies)’, in Albert, M., Jacobson, D. and Lapid, Y. (eds.) Identities, Borders, Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp, 91–116.
- 12. Bigo, D. (2002) ‘Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease’, Alternatives, 27 (Special Issue), pp. 63–92. doi: 10.1177/03043754020270S105.
- 13. Buzan, B., Waever, O. and De-Wilde, J. (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Boulder.
- 14. Deep, A. (2015) ‘Hybrid War: Old Concept, New Techniques’, Small Wars Journal. Available at: https://smallwarsjournal.com/j... techniques (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 15. Eilam, E. (2016) Israel’s Future Wars: Military and Political Aspects of Israel’s coming Wars. Washington DC: Westphalia Press.
- 16. Eilam, E. (2019) Containment in the Middle East. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- 17. Ganor, B. (2019) Global Alert: the rationality of modern Islamist terrorism and the challenge to the liberal democratic world. New York: Colombia University Press.
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- 19. Haaretz (2018) Netanyahu’s UN intel reveal forces Hezbollah to reconsider Beirut missile sites, 29 September. Available at: https://www.haaretz.com/israel... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 20. Harel, A. and Issacharoff, A. (2008) 34 days: Israel, Hezbollah and the war in Lebanon. Israel: Kineret, Zmora-Bitan, Dvir.
- 21. Hoffman, F.G. (2007) Conflict in the 21st Century: The rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
- 22. Jasper, S. and Moreland, S. (2014) ‘The Islamic State is a Hybrid Threat: Why does that matter’, Small Wars Journal, 1(11).
- 23. Kan (2020a) ‘Zman Emet, chapter 17 season 3: The death of the Iranian prince’. Broadcast on Channel kan11 Israel on February 10, 2020. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 24. Kan (2020b) ‘Zman Emet’, chapter 18 season 3: Danger is clear and precise’. Broadcast on Channel kan11 Israel on February 17, 2020. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 25. Katz, Y. and Hendel, Y. (2011) Israel vs Iran. Israel: Kineret, Zmora-Bitan, Dvir.
- 26. Katz, Y. (2019) Shadow Strike. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- 27. Kfir, I. (2019) Storm toward Iran. Israel: Miskal.
- 28. Leonard, S. and Kaunert, C. (2011) ‘Reconceptualizing the Audience in Securitization Theory’, in Balzacq, T. (ed.) Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 57–76.
- 29. Leonard, S. and Kaunert, C. (2019) Refugees, Security, and the European Union. London and New York: Routledge.
- 30. Levitt, M. (2013) Hezbollah: the Global Footprint of Lebanon’s Party of God. London: Hurst & Company.
- 31. Lupovici, A. (2014) ‘The Limit of Securitization Theory: Observational Criticism and the Curious Absence of Israel’, International Studies Review, 16, pp. 390–410. doi: 10.1111/misr.12150.
- 32. Lupovici, A. (2016) ‘Securitization Climax: Putting the Iranian Nuclear Project at the Top of the Israeli Public Agenda (2009–2012)’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 12, pp. 413–432. doi: 10.1111/fpa.12081.
- 33. Marcus, R.D. (2018) Israel’s long War with Hezbollah: Military Innovation and Adaption under Fire. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
- 34. Olesker, R. (2014a) ‘Law making and the Securitization of the Jewish Identity in Israel’, Ethnopolitics, 13(2), pp. 105–121. doi: 10.1080/17449057.2013.773156.
- 35. Olesker, R. (2014b) ‘National Identity and Securitization in Israel’, Ethnicities, 14(3), pp. 371–391. doi: 10.1177/1468796813504093.
- 36. Olesker, R. (2018) ‘The Securitization Dilemma: Legitimacy in Securitization Studies’, Critical Studies on Security, 6(3), pp. 312–329. doi: 10.1080/21624887.2018.1427948.
- 37. Olmert, E. (2018) In Person. Israel: Miskal.
- 38. Pindjak, P. (2014) ‘Deterring Hybrid Warfare: A Chance for NATO to and the EU to work together’, NATO Review, 18.
- 39. Rapaport, A. (2007) ‘Friendly Fire’, Israel: Maariv.
- 40. Times of Israel (2018) ‘At UN, Netanyahu reveals Iranian nuclear warehouse, urges IAEA to go inspect it’, 27 September, Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 41. Waever, O. (1995). ‘Securitization and Desecuritization’, in Lipschutz, R.D. (ed.) On Security. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 46–86.
- 42. Waever, O. (2004) ‘Peace and Security: Two Concepts and Their Relationship’, in Guzzini, S. and Jung, D. (eds.) Contemporary Security Analysis and Copenhagen Peace Research. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 53–66.
- 43. Ynet (2017) ‘Reports in Syria: Israel attacks center for development of missiles and chemical weapons’, 7 September. Available at: https://www.ynet.co.il/article... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 44. Ynet (2019a) ‘The drones that attacked Beirut hit Iranian missile precision equipment’, 27 August. Available at: https://www.ynet.co.il/article... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- 45. Ynet (2019b) ‘IDF reveals: Hezbollah has set up a precision missile factory in Lebanon’, 3 September. Available at: https://www.ynet.co.il/article... (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
Uwagi
„Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).”
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-e4addf67-48ed-46ee-bc6f-ff5c4c5c07c8