Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of Stajna Cave (southern Poland) with regard to habitation of the site by Neanderthals

• Autorzy: Żarski M. , Winter H. , Nadachowski A. , Urbanowski M. , Socha P. , Kenig K. , Marcinkowski B. , Krzemińska E. , Stefaniak K. , Nowaczewska W. , Marciszak A.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1355

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Stajnia Cave is one of the most important archaeological sites due to the finds of the first remains of Neanderthals in Poland, and several tens of thousands of flint artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic. Based on geological, geochemical, palaeobotanical, palaeozoological, archaeological and isotope analyses, coupled with absolute age determinations (OSL, U-Th and C¹⁴), 15 lithostratigraphic layers were distinguished and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the sedimentation of these beds were determined. The cave loams accumulated through weathering, aeolian and fluvial processes. Their age may be correlated with an interval from the Early Glacial to the Late Pleniglacial of the Visulian (Weichselian) Glaciation. Archaeological relics related to the Neanderthals have been discovered in layer D with an absolute age of about 52,000–45,000 years BP and correlated with MIS 3 – the Middle Plenivistulian (Interplenivistulian). Climate oscillations in the Vistulian are reflected by the type of the sediments and their physical-chemical features, allowing determining warmer interstadial and colder stadial periods. Generally, the climate was cold, characteristic of tundra areas with a typical vegetation and fauna, and with the mean temperature of the warmest month not exceeding 12°C. Based on multi-proxy studies it can be concluded that from layer E1 upwards, the climate conditions became progressively drier. At that time, the climate was cold with continental features enhancing tundra domination. This conclusion is confirmed by palaeontological investigations and the record of stable oxygen isotopes in the teeth of reindeer. The studies have also indicated seasonal migration of reindeer on the tundra that surrounded the cave. Probably, short-term slight climate warmings occurred during the Middle Plenivistulian (Interplenivistulian).

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Stajnia Cave; Neanderthal; Vistulian; palaeoenvironment; Częstochowa Upland

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 61, No. 2
• Strony: 350--369
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 71 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Żarski M.

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Winter H.

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Nadachowski A.

• Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 30-611 Kraków, Poland

autor

Urbanowski M.

• Szczecin University, Institute of History and International Relations, Department of Archaeology, Krakowska 71-79, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland

autor

Socha P.

• Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Kenig K.

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Marcinkowski B.

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Krzemińska E.

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Stefaniak K.

• Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Nowaczewska W.

• Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, Kuźnicza 35, 50-138 Wrocław, Poland

autor

Marciszak A.

• Department of Paleozoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Aubert, M., Williams, I.S., Boljkovac, K., Moffat, I., Moncel, M.-H., Dufour, E., Grün, R., 2012. In situ oxygen isotope micro-analysis of faunal material and human teeth using a SHRIM P II: a new tool for palaeoecology and archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39: 3184-3194.
• 2. Baca, M., Popović, D., Stefaniak, K., Marciszak, A., Urbanowski, M., Nadachowski, A., Mackiewicz, P., 2016. Retreat and extinction of the Late Pleistocene cave bear (Ursus spelaeus sensu lato). Science of Nature, 103: 92.
• 3. Barczuk, A., Nejbert, K., 2007. Analiza minerałów nieprzeźroczystych w badaniach osadów okruchowych (in Polish). In: Badania cech tekstualnych osadów czwartorzędowych i wybrane metody oznaczania ich wieku (eds. E. Mycielska-Dowgiałło and J. Rutkowski): 205-228. Wydawnictwo SwPR, Warszawa.
• 4. Behre, K.E., 1989. Biostratigraphy of the last glacial period in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 8: 25-44.
• 5. Blaise, E., Balasse, M., 2011. Seasonality and season of birth of modern and late Neolithic sheep from south-eastern France using tooth enamel S18O analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38: 3085-3093.
• 6. Blumenthal, S.A., Cerling, T.E., Chritz, K.L., Bromage, T.G., Kozdon, R., Valley, J.W., 2014. Stable isotope time-serie in mammalian teeth: in situ S18O from innermost enamel layer. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 124: 223-236.
• 7. Britton, K., Grimes, V., Dau, J., Richards, M.P., 2009. Reconstructing faunal migration using intra-tooth sampling and strontium and oxygen isotope analyses a case study of modern caribou (Rangifer Tarandus granti). Journal of Archaeological Science, 36: 1163-1172.
• 8. Carrión, J.S., 1995. A palaeoenvironmental study in semi-arid Southeastern Spain: the palynological and sedimentological sequence at Perneras Cave (Lorca, Murcia). Journal of Archaeological Science, 22: 355-367.
• 9. Chmielewski, W., 1969. Ensambles Micoquo-Prondnikiens en Europe Central. Geographia Polonica, 17: 371-386.
• 10. Chmielewski, W., 1970. Wyniki badań w Schronisku Wylotnym w Ojcowie (in Polish). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 22: 47-55.
• 11. Chmielewski, W., 1975. Paleolit środkowy i górny (in Polish). In: Prahistoria ziem polskich (ed. W. Chmielewski). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Warszawa.
• 12. Chmielewski, W., Kowalaski, K., Madeyska-Niklewska, T., Sych, L., 1967. Studies on the deposits of Koziarnia Cave of Sąspów in the Olkusz district. Folia Quaternaria, 26: 1-69.
• 13. Combourieu Nebout, N., Peyron, O., Dormoy, I., Desprat, S., Beaudouin, C., Kotthoff, U., Marret, F., 2009. Rapid climatic variability in the west Mediterranean during the last 25 000 years from high resolution pollen data. Climate of the Past, 5: 503-521.
• 14. Cyrek, K., ed., 2002. Jaskinia Biśnik. Rekonstrukcja zasiedlenia jaskini na tle zmian środowiska przyrodniczego (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu M. Kopernika, Toruń.
• 15. Cyrek, K., Madeyska, T., 2011. Stone Age in the Ojców Jura on the background of natural environment changes. Materiały 45 Sympozjum Speleologicznego, Ojców, 0-23.10.2010: 51-53.
• 16. Cyrek, K., Socha, P., Stefaniak, K., Madeyska, T., Mirosław - Grabowska, J., Sudoł, M., Czyżewski, Ł., 2010. Palaeolithic of Biśnik Cave (Southern Poland) within the environmental background. Quaternary International, 220: 5-30.
• 17. Cyrek, K., Sudoł, M., Czyżewski, Ł., Osipowicz, G., Grelowska, M., 2014. Middle Palaeoithic cultural levels from Middle and late Pleistocene sediments of Biśnik Cave, Poland. Quaternary International, 326-327: 20-63.
• 18. Dąbrowski, P., Nowaczewska, W., Stringer, C.B., Compton, T., Kruszyński, R., Nadachowski, A., Stefaniak, K., Urbanowski, M., 2013. The Neanderthal lower molar from Stajnia Cave, Poland. HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 64: 89-103.
• 19. Dimbleby, G.W., 1985. The Palynology of Archaeological Sites. Academic Press, London.
• 20. El Zaatari, S., Grine, F.E., Ungar, P.S., Hublin, J-J., 2011. Ecogeographic variation in Neandertal dietary habits: evidence from occlusal microwear texture analysis. Journal of Human Evolution, 61: 411-424.
• 21. El Zaatari, S., Grine, F.E., Ungar, P.S., Hublin, J-J., 2016. Neandertal versus modern human dietary responses to climatic fluctuations. PLOS ONE, 11: e0153277.
• 22. Erdtman, G., 1960. The acetolysis method. A revised description. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 54: 561-564.
• 23. Fricke, H.C., O'Neil, J.R., 1996. Inter- and intra-tooth variation in the oxygen isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate: implications for palaeoclimatological and palaeobiological research. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 126: 91-99.
• 24. Fricke, H.C., Clyde, W.C., O'Neil, J.R., 1998. Intra-tooth variations in S18O (PO4) of mammalian tooth enamel as a record of seasonal variations in continental climates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62: 1839-1850.
• 25. Goździk, R., 1981. Les changements de processus éoliens dans la Pologne Centrale au cours du Vistulien (Wurm). Recherches Géographiques á Strasbourg, 16-17: 115-120.
• 26. Gradziński, R., Kostecka, A., Radomski, A.M., Unrug, R., 1986. Zarys sedymentologii. Wyd. Geol., Warszawa.
• 27. Groner, U., 1985. Palynologie der Karsthohlensendimente im Holloch, Zentralschweiz. Gebo Druck AG., Zurich.
• 28. Heliasz, Z., Lewandowski, J., Liszkowski, J., Wielgomas, L., 2009. Szczegółowa Mapa Geologiczna Polski w skali 1:50 000, arkusz Żarki (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 29. Homsey, L.K., Capo, R.C., 2006. Integrating geochemistry and micromorphology to interpret feature use at Dust Cave, a Paleo-Indian through middle-archaic site in Northwest Alabama. Geoarcheology, 21: 237-269.
• 30. Ickert, R.B., Hiess, J., Williams, I.S., Holden, P., Ireland, T.R., Lanc, P., Schram, N., Foster, J.J., Clement, S.W., 2008. Determining high precision, in situ, oxygen isotope ratios with SHRIMP II: analyses of MPI-DING silicate-glass reference materials and zircon from contrasting granites. Chemical Geology, 257: 114-128.
• 31. Kindler, P.M., Guillevic, M., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Landais, A., Leuenberger, M., 2014. Temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k from the NGRIP ice core. Climate of the Past, 10: 887-902.
• 32. Kozłowski, S.K. ed., 2006. Wylotne and Zwierzyniec. Paleolithic sites in southern Poland. The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Warsaw University, Warsaw.
• 33. Krajcarz, M.T., Madeyska, T., 2010. Application of the weathering parameters of bones to stratigraphical interpretation of the sediments from two caves (Deszczowa Cave and Nietoperzowa Cave, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland). Studia Quaternaria, 27: 43-54.
• 34. Krajcarz, M.T., Bosák, P., Šlechta, S., Pruner, P., Komar, M., Dresler, J., Madeyska, T., 2014. Sediments of Biśnik Cave (Poland): lithology and stratigraphy of the Middle Palaeolithic site. Quaternary International, 326-327: 6-19.
• 35. Krzemińska, E., Czupyt, Z.J., 2015. The S18O record explored within a dental targets by SHRIMP IIe/MC. Mineralogical Magazine - Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts: 1701.
• 36. Krzemińska, E., Sołtysiak, A., Czupyt, Z.J., 2017. Reconstructing seasonality using S18O in incremental layers of human enamel: a test of the analytical protocol developed for SHRIMP IIe/MC ion microprobe. Geological Quarterly, 61 (2): 370-383.
• 37. Kubiak-Martens, L., Kooistra, L.,2013. Plant remains from Stajnia Cave. In: Stajnia Cave (ed. M. Urbanowski): 112-130. Multidisciplinary research 2006-2010. Stone Age Research. Archaeological Department, Institute of History and International Relates, Szczecin University.
• 38. Leroi-Gourhan, A., 1997. Chauds et froides de 60000 a 15000 BP. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Franęaise, 94: 151-160.
• 39. Lityńska-Zając, M., Wasylikowa, K., 2005. Guidebook to Archeobotanical Studies. Vademecum Geobotanicum, Sorus, Poznań.
• 40. Longinelli, A., lacumin, P., Davanzo, S., Nikolaev, V., 2003. Modern reindeer and mice: revised phosphate water isotope equations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241: 491-498.
• 41. Madeyska-Niklewska, T., 1969. Upper Pleistocene deposits in cave of the Cracow Upland (in Polish with English summary). Acta Geologica Polonica, 19: 341-392.
• 42. Madeyska-Niklewska, T., 1971. Method used in researches on the Upper Pleistocene sediments in the Cracow Upland caves (in Polish with English summary). Światowid, 32: 5-25.
• 43. Madeyska, T., 1981. Le milieu naturel de l'homme du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur en Pologne a la lumiere des recherches géologiques (in Polish with French summary). Studia Geologica Polonica, 69: 1-125.
• 44. Madeyska, T., 1982. The stratigraphy of Palaeolithic sites of the Cracow Upland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 32: 227-242.
• 45. Madeyska, T., 2009. Clastic cave sediments in the Częstochowa Upland. Studies of the Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Silesia, 56: 67-84.
• 46. Madeyska, T., Cyrek, K., 2002. Cave fillings - a chronicle of the past. An outline of the Younger Pleistocene cave sediments study in Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 52: 75-95.
• 47. Marks, L., Gałązka, D., Woronko, B., 2016. Climate, environment and stratigraphy of the last Pleistocene glacial stage in Poland. Quaternary International, 420: 259-271.
• 48. Mojski, J.E., 2005. Ziemie polskie w czwartorzędzie (in Polish). Zarys morfogenezy. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 49. Marcinkowski, B., Mycielska-Dowgiałlo, E., 2013. Heavy-mineral analysis in Polish investigations of Quaternary deposits: review. Geologos, 19: 5-24.
• 50. Migaszewski, Z.M., Gałuszka, A., 2007. Podstawy geochemii środowiska (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa.
• 51. Mirosław-Grabowska, J., 2002. Litologia i stratygrafia osadów Jaskini Biśnik (in Polish). In: Jaskinia Biśnik. Rekonstrukcja zasiedlenia jaskini na tle zmian środowiska przyrodniczego (ed. K. Cyrek): 143-179. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu M. Kopernika, Toruń.
• 52. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., 2007. Metody badań cech strukturalnych osadów klastycznych i wartość interpretacyjna wyników. In: Badania cech teksturalnych osadów czwartorzędowych i wybrane metody oznaczania ich wieku (ed. E. Mycielska-Dowgiałło and J. Rutkowski): 95-180. Wydawnictwo SWPR, Warszawa.
• 53. Nadachowski, A., Żarski, Urbanowski, M., Wojtal, P., Miękina, B., Lipecki, G., Ochman, K., Krawczyk, M., Jakubowski, G., Tomek, T., 2009. Late Pleistocene environment of the Częstochowa Upland (Poland) reconstructed on the basis of faunistic evidence from archaeological cave sites. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, PAS, Kraków: 1-112.
• 54. Nadachowski, A., Lipecki, G., Ratajczak, U., Stefaniak, K., Wojtal, P., 2016. Dispersal events of the saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) in Central Europe in response to the climaiic fluctuations in MIS 2 and the early part of MIS 1. Quaternary International, 245: 186-192.
• 55. Navarro, C., Carrión, J.S., Munuera, M., Prieto, A.R., 2001. Cave surface pollen and the palynological potential of karstic cave sediments in palaeoecology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 117: 245-265.
• 56. Nowaczewska, W., Dąbrowski, P., Stringer, C.B., Compton, T., Kruszyński, R., Nadachowski, A., Socha, P., Binkowski, M., Urbanowski, M., 2013. The tooth of a Neanderthal child from Stajnia Cave, Poland. Journal of Human Evolution, 64: 225-231.
• 57. Ossowski, G., 1885. Jaskinie okolic Ojcowa pod względem paleo-etnologicznym (in Polish). Pamiętniki Wydziału Matematyczno-Przyrodniczego Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, 11: 1-51.
• 58. Rasmussen, S.O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S.P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.L., Clausen, H.B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S.J., Fischer, H., Gkinid, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W.Z., Lowe, J.J., Pedro, J.B., Popp, T., Seierstad, I.K., Steffensen, J.P., Svensson, A.M., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B.M., Walker, M.J.C., Wheatley, J.J., Winstrup, M., 2014. A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climaiic changes during the last glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 106: 14-28.
• 59. Różański, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., Gonfiantini, R., 1993. Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, 78: 1-36.
• 60. Römer, F., 1883. Die Knochenhöhlen von Ojców in Polen. Palaeontographica, 29: 1-41.
• 61. Skrzypek, G., Wiśniewski, A., Grierson, P.F., 2011. How cold was it for Neanderthals moving to Central Europe during warm phases of the last glaciation? Quaternary Science Reviews, 30: 481-487.
• 62. Urbanowski, M. eds., 2013. Multidisciplinary Research 2006-2010. Stone Age Research (manuscript). Archaeological Department, Institute of History and International Relates, Szczecin University.
• 63. Urbanowski, M., Socha, P., Dąbrowski, P., Nowaczewska, W., Sadakierska-Chudy, A., Dobosz, T., Stefaniak, K., Nadachowski, A., 2010. The first Neanderthal tooth found north of the Carpathian Mountains. Naturwissenschaften, 97: 411-415.
• 64. Urbanowski, M., Żarski, M., Nadachowski, A., 2012. Stajnia Cave, the LMP site from Polish Jura. In: International Conference European Middle Palaeolithic during MIS 8-MIS 3 cultures - environment - chronology. Wolbrom, Poland, September 25th-28th, 2012 (eds. K. Cyrek, Ł.A. Czyżewski and M.T Krajcarz): 24-26. Guide-book and book of abstracts, Toruń.
• 65. Valde-Nowak, P., Alex, B., Ginter, B., Krajcarz, M.T., Madeyska, T., Miękina, B., Sobczyk, K., Stefański, D., Wojtal, P., Zając, M., Zarzecka-Szubińska, K., 2014. Middle Paleolithic sequences of the Ciemna Cave (Prądnik valley, Poland): the problem of synchronization. Quaternary International, 326-327: 125-145.
• 66. Wasylikowa, K., 1964. Vegetation and climate of the Late-Glacial in central Poland based on investigations made at Witów near Łęczyca (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 13: 261-417.
• 67. Woronko, B., 2001. Znaczenie analizy obtoczenia i zmatowienia powierzchni ziaren kwarcowych frakcji piaszczystej w interpretacji genetycznej osadów czwartorzędowych (in Polish). In: Eolizacja osadów jako wskaźnik stratygrafii czwartorzędu (ed. E. Mycielska-Dowgiałło): 33-39. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa.
• 68. Zarzycki, K., Trzcińska-Tacik, H., Różański, W., Szeląg, Z., Wołek, J., Korzeniak, U., 2002. Ecological Indicator Values of Vascular Plants of Poland. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish of Academy Science, Kraków.
• 69. Zawisza, J., 1874. Jaskinia Mamutowa w dolinie Wierzchowskiej (in Polish). Wierzchowska Jaskinia, ogólny pogląd na jaskinie dotychczas zwiedzane w tej okolicy. Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2: 1-23.
• 70. Żarski, M., Rywocka-Kenig, K., Winter, H., Marcinkowski, B., Surała, M., Mirosław-Grabowska, J., 2012a. Stratygrafia osadów plejstoceńskich stanowiska archeologicznego w jaskini Stajnia k. Mirowa na Wyżynie Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Warszawa.
• 71. Żarski, M., Winter, H., Marcinkowski, B., Rywocka-Kenig, K., 2012b. Palaeoenvironment and climate oscillations record from the Stajnia. In: International Conference European Middle Palaeolithic during MIS 8-MIS 3 cultures - environment - chronology. Wolbrom, Poland, September 25th-28th, 2012 (eds. K. Cyrek, Ł.A. Czyżewski and M.T. Krajcarz): 24-26. Guide-book and book of abstracts, Toruń.

Uwagi

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (zadania 2017).