Stereoscopic image visual perception

• Autorzy: Fornalczyk K. , Napieralski P. , Szajerman D. , Wojciechowski A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Stereoscopic films and interactive presentations are extensively popularized whereas their perceived quality still dissatisfies viewers. The reasons are shared between hardware inconsistencies and stereo image producers unawareness concerning factors influencing depth perception quality. This paper reviews aspects influencing 3D image perception visual comfort, presents visual comfort estimation methods and suggests how to measure image perception quality. It also comprises results of researches conducted on dedicated CinemaVision Movie Diagnostics work stand.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

stereoscopic image; image quality factors; perception convenience; visual fatigue

PL

obrazy stereoskopowe; jakość obrazu; wygoda percepcji; zmęczenie wzroku

• Wydawca: Lodz University of Technology. Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science
• Czasopismo: International Journal of Microelectronics and Computer Science
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: Vol. 6, nr 1
• Strony: 15--22
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 52 poz., fot., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Fornalczyk K.

• Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 215, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

autor

Napieralski P.

• Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 215, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

autor

Szajerman D.

• Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 215, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

autor

Wojciechowski A.

• Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 215, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] H.W. Randolph Blake, “Binocular vision,” Vision Res. National Institutes of Health, vol. 51, pp. 754–770, 2011.
• [2] N.A. Dodgson, “Variation and extrema of human interpupillary distance,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 5291, pp. 36–46, 2004.
• [3] I. Howard, Perceiving in Depth. Oxford University Press, 2012.
• [4] I.H. Marc T.M. Lambooij, Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn, “Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays: A review,” Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV, vol. 6490, pp. 6490–6503, 2007.
• [5] I.T. Union, “Subjective methods for the assessment of stereoscopic 3dtv systems,” Recommendation ITU-R BT.2021, Tech. Rep.
• [6] Y.J. Jung, H. Sohn, S. il Lee, Y. M. Ro, and H. W. Park, “Quantitative measurement of binocular color fusion limit for non-spectral colors,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 7325–7338, Apr 2011.
• [7] M. De Mattiello, A. Biondini, and H. Salinas, “English Dichoptic color mixing,” in EnglishColour Vision Deficiencies XII, ser. Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series, B. Drum, A. Adams, C. Cavonius, S. Dain, G. Haegerstrom-Portnoy, K. Kitahara, K. Knoblauch, A. Kurtenbach, B. Lee, J. Mollon, J. Moreland, J. Pokorny, L. Sharpe, H. Sperling, W. Swanson, and E. Zrenner, Eds. Springer Netherlands, 1995, vol. 57, pp. 193–196.
• [8] Y. Zhao, Z. Chen, C. Zhu, Y.-P. Tan, and L. Yu, “Binocular just- noticeable-difference model for stereoscopic images,” Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 19–22, Jan 2011.
• [9] F.L. Kooi and A. Toet, “Visual comfort of binocular and 3D displays,” Displays, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 99–108, Aug. 2004.
• [10] Frank L. Kooi and Alexander Toet, “Visual comfort of binocular and 3d displays,” Displays, vol. 25, no. 2–3, pp. 99 – 108, 2004.
• [11] R.T.H. Kane, David and M. S. Banks, “Visual discomfort with stereo 3d displays when the head is not upright,” Proceedings of SPIE, 2012.
• [12] Y.H. Lin and J.L. Wu, “Binocular perceptual model for symmetric and asymmetric 3d stereoscopic image compression,” in Data Compression Conference (DCC), 2014, March 2014, pp. 113–122.
• [13] S. Pastoor, “Human factors of 3d imaging: Results of recent research at heinrich-hertz-institut berlin,” Proceedings of the International Display Workshop ’95, vol. 3, p. 66–72, 1995.
• [14] D. Kim, S. Choi, and K. Sohn, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, no. 5, pp. 811–816, May.
• [15] M. Lambooij, H. Marc; Fortuin, “Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: A review,” Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, vol. 53, pp. 30201–1–3020–14(14), May 2009.
• [16] S. Yano, M. Emoto, and T. Mitsuhashi, “Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic {HDTV} images,” Displays, vol. 25(4), pp. 141–150, 2004.
• [l7] Y.J. Jung, D. Kim, H. Sohn, S.-i. Lee, H. W. Park, and Y.M. Ro, “Subjective and objective measurements of visual fatigue induced by excessive disparities in stereoscopic images,” pp. 86480M–8, 2013.
• [18] M. Park and S. Mun, “Overview of measurement methods for factors affecting the human visual system in 3d displays,” Display Technology, Journal of, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2015.
• [19] R. Pascaline Neveu, Matthieu Philippe, “Vergence tracking: a tool to assess oculomotor performance in stereoscopic displays,” Journal of Eye Movement Research, vol. 5(2):1, pp. 1–8, 2012.
• [20] H.D.B.M. Shibata T, Kim J, “Visual discomfort with stereo displays: Effects of viewing distance and direction of vergence-accommodation conflict,” Proceedings of SPIE, 2011.
• [21] K. Ukai and P. A. Howarth, “Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: Background, theories, and observations,” Displays, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 106 – 116, 2008, health and Safety Aspects of Visual Displays.
• [22] A.T. Duchowski, B. Pelfrey, D.H. House, and R. Wang, “Measuring gaze depth with an eye tracker during stereoscopic display”, 15–22, 2011.
• [23] E.C. Lee, H. Heo, and K. R. Park, “The comparative measurements of eyestrain caused by 2d and 3d displays,” Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1677–1683, Aug 2010.
• [24] D.K. Kim, Joohwan and M. S. Banks, “Visual discomfort and the temporal properties of the vergence-accommodation conflict,” Proceedings of SPIE, 2012.
• [25] B. David M. Hoffman, Ahna R. Girshick, “Vergence–accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue,” Journal of Vision, vol. 8, pp. 1–30, 2008.
• [26] S.O. Lina Jansen and P. König, “Influence of disparity on fixation and saccades in free viewing of natural scenes,” J. of Vision, vol. 9, 2009.
• [27] P. Wolffsohn, James Stuart Phd, “Dynamic measurement of accommodation and pupil size using the portable grand seiko fr-5000 autorefractor,” Optometry & Vision Sc., vol. 83, pp. 306–310, 2006.
• [28] J.S. Wolffsohn, O. A. Hunt, and B. Gilmartin, “Continuous measurement of accommodation in human factor applications,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 380–384, 2002.
• [29] H.-C. Li, J. Seo, K. Kham, and S. Lee, “Measurement of 3d visual fatigue using event-related potential (erp): 3d odd ball paradigm,” in 3DTV Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video, 2008, May 2008, pp. 213–216.
• [30] Y. Bi and J. Zhou, “A visual comfort metric for stereoscopic 3d video based on smde approach,” in Signal Processing, Communication and Computing (ICSPCC), 2012 IEEE Int. Conf. on, Aug 2012, pp. 72–77.
• [31] V. Kulyk, S. Tavakoli, M. Folkesson, K. Brunnstrom, K. Wang, and N. Garcia, “3d video quality assessment with multi-scale subjective method,” in Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), 2013 Fifth International Workshop on, July 2013, pp. 106–111.
• [32] V. De Silva, H. Arachchi, E. Ekmekcioglu, and A. Kondoz, “Toward an impairment metric for stereoscopic video: A full-reference video quality metric to assess compressed stereoscopic video,” Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 3392–3404, Sept 2013.
• [33] F.L.M.Y. Shanshan Wang, Feng Shao and G. Jiang, “A simple quality assessment index for stereoscopic images based on 3d gradient magnitude,” The ScientificWorld Journal, vol. Volume 2014, Article ID 890562, 2014.
• [34] A. Liu, W. Lin, and M. Narwaria, “Image quality assessment based on gradient similarity,” Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1500–1512, April 2012.
• [35] P.C.R.C. Alexandre Benoit, Patrick Le Callet, “Quality assessment of stereoscopic images,” EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, vol. 2008 (1), 2008.
• [36] C. Hewage, S. Worrall, S. Dogan, S. Villette, and A. Kondoz, “Quality evaluation of color plus depth map-based stereoscopic video,” Selected Topics in Signal Processing, IEEE Journal of, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 304–318, April 2009.
• [37] W.F.P. Joveluro, H. Malekmohamadi and A. Kondoz, “Perceptual video quality metric for 3d video quality assessment,” In 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video, pp. 1–4, 2010.
• [38] L. Xing, “Towards reliable stereoscopic 3d quality evaluation, subjective assessment and objective metrics,” Ph.D. dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, 2013.
• [39] D. Juszka, L. Janowski, and Z. Papir, “Objective bitstream quality metric for 3d-hd video,” in 3D Imaging (IC3D), 20l3 International Conference on, Dec 2013, pp. 1–5.
• [40] S. Ryu, D. H. Kim, and K. Sohn, “Stereoscopic image quality metric based on binocular perception model,” in Image Processing (ICIP), 2012 19th IEEE International Conference on, Sept 2012, pp. 609–612.
• [41] J. Yang, C. Hou, R. Xu, and J. Lei, “New metric for stereo image quality assessment based on hvs,” International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 301–307, 2010.
• [42] F. Timm and E. Barth, “Accurate eye centre localisation by means of gradients,” SciTePress, pp. 125–130, 2011.
• [43] Marcus Barkowsky, Romain Cousseau, Patrick Le Callet. Is visual fatigue changing the perceived depth accuracy on an autostereoscopic display?. Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXII, Jan 2011.
• [44] W.J. Tam, F. Speranza, S. Yano, K. Shimono, and H. Ono, “Stereoscopic 3d-tv: Visual comfort,” Broad-casting, IEEE Transactions on, , no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2011.
• [45] H. Pan, C. Yuan, and S. Daly, “3d video disparity scaling for preference and prevention of discomfort,” Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXII, SPIE Vol, vol. 7863, 2011.
• [46] C. Yuan, H. Pan, and S. Daly, “61.3: Stereoscopic 3d content depth tuning guided by human visual models,” SID, 2011.
• [47] Stephan Reichelt, Ralf Häussler, Gerald Fütterer, and Norbert Leister, "Depth cues in human visual perception and their realization in 3D displays“, Three-Dimensional Imaging, Visualization and Displays 2010.
• [48] Jae Gon Kim, Nonmember and Jun-Dong Cho “Simplified Relative Model to Measure Visual Fatigue in a Stereoscopy” IEICE TRANS. FUNDAMENTALS/COMMUN./ELECTRON./INF. 2015.
• [49] Song-Pei Du, Belen Masia, Shi-Min Hu, and Diego Gutierrez. 2013. A metric of visual comfort for stereoscopic motion. ACM Trans. Graph. 32, 6, Article 222 (November 2013).
• [50] D. Puchala, B. Stasiak, K. Stokfiszewski and M. Yatsymirskyy, „Image Filtering with Fast Parametrized Biorthogonal Transforms Implemented on a New GUI Research Aid System”, JACS vol. 21(2), pp. 97-115, 2013.
• [51] J. Li, M. Barkowsky, P. Le Callet, „Visual Discomfort Is Not Always Proportional To Eye Blinking Rate: Exploring Some Effects Of Planar And In-Depth Motion On 3dtv Qoe”, Int. Workshop on Video Processing and Quality Metrics for Consumer Electronics VPQM, pp. 1- 6, 2013.
• [52] D. Vatolin, A. Voronov, D. Sumin, G. Rozhkova, et. al., Stereo film quality analisis, VQMT3D project raport, CS MSU Graphics and Media Lab, 2013.