Effects of Dosage and Stirring Speed Variations in the Use of Bittern as a Natural Coagulant to Remove Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Dye Concentrations from Batik Industry Wastewater

• Autorzy: Fitriani Nurina , Supriyanto Agus , Jariyah Niswatun Indana , Putriadji Rachely Annisa Dwi , Pratama M. Bagas Pramudya , Jusoh Hajjar Hartini Wan , Ismail Azimah , Kurniawan Setyo Budi

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/192676

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study aimed to determine the effect of bittern coagulant dosage and rapid stirring speed on reducing the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and dye absorbance in batik industry wastewater, as well as to identify the optimum coagulant dosage and stirring speed. Wastewater samples were collected from a batik industry in the batik center of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Dosage variations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested alongside rapid stirring speeds of 100 rpm, 130 rpm, and 160 rpm. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale using the jar test method. Initial wastewater characteristics showed BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance concentrations of 185.68 ± 29.34 mg/L, 10.091 ± 363.24 mg/L, 2.231.33 ± 155.55 mg/L, and 0.212 ± 0.02, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Pearson cor relation test and Two-Way ANOVA revealed that variations in coagulant dosage and stirring speed significantly impacted the reduction percentages of BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance. The optimal coagulant dosage was found to be 5%, and the optimal stirring speed was 100 rpm, with reduction percentages for BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance being 80.32%, 65.86%, 92.35%, and 70.77%, respectively.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

bittern; BOD; coagulation; COD; flocculation; TSS

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 11
• Strony: 83--99
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 46 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Fitriani Nurina

• Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-415X

autor

Supriyanto Agus

• Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

autor

Jariyah Niswatun Indana

• Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

autor

Putriadji Rachely Annisa Dwi

• Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

autor

Pratama M. Bagas Pramudya

• Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

autor

Jusoh Hajjar Hartini Wan

• East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Gong Badak Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
• Faculty of Bioresource and Food Industry, Besut Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 22020, Jerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia

autor

Ismail Azimah

• East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Gong Badak Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
• Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampung Gong Badak, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia

autor

Kurniawan Setyo Budi

• East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Gong Badak Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
• Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-1638

Bibliografia

• 1. Ahmad, A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Ismail, N.I., 2021a. Plant-based versus metal-based coagulants in aquaculture wastewater treatment: Effect of mass ratio and settling time. J. Water Process Eng. 43, 102269. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102269
• 2. Ahmad, A., Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, A.R., Hasan, H.A., 2022a. Exploring the extraction methods for plant-based coagulants and their future approaches. Sci. Total Environ. 818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151668
• 3. Ahmad, A., Kurniawan, S.B., Ahmad, J., Alias, J., Marsidi, N., Said, N.S.M., Yusof, A.S.M., Buhari, J., Ramli, N.N., Rahim, N.F.M., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, A.R., Hasan, H.A., 2022b. Dosage-based application versus ratio-based approach for metal- and plant-based coagulants in wastewater treatment: Merits, limitations, and applicability. J. Clean. Prod. 334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130245
• 4. Ahmad, A., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Ismail, N. ‘Izzati, 2021b. Aqua culture industry: Supply and demand, best practices, effluent and its current issues and treatment technology. J. Environ. Manage. 287. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112271
• 5. Ahmed, F., Fakhruddin, A.N.M., Kabir, M.M., 2018. Degradation of diesel and phenol using bacteria isolated from petroleum hydrocar- bon contaminated soil. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53, 53–62. https:// doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i1.35911
• 6. AL Falahi, O.A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Ewadh, H.M., Al-Baldawi, I.A., Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Ismail, N.I., 2021. Simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, organic material, and nutrients from domestic wastewater through a pilot-scale vertical sub-surface flow constructed wetland with aeration system. J. Water Process Eng. 43, 102214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102214
• 7. Albuquerque, L.F., Salgueiro, A.A., Melo, J.L.D.S., Chiavone-Filho, O., 2013. Coagulation of indigo blue present in dyeing wastewater using a residual bittern. Sep. Purif. Technol. 104, 246–249. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.005
• 8. Almansoory, A.F., Idris, M., Abdullah, S.R.S., Anuar, N., Kurniawan, S.B., 2021. Response and capability of Scirpus mucronatus (L.) in phytotreating petrol-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 269, 128760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2020.128760
• 9. Alnawajha, M.M., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Kurniawan, S.B., 2024. Effectiveness of using water-extracted Leucaena leucocephala seeds as a coagulant for turbid water treatment: effects of dosage, pH, mixing speed, mixing time, and settling time. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 14, 11203 11216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03233-2
• 10. Alnawajha, M.M., Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., 2023. Performance of water-extracted Leucaena leucocephala seeds as coagulant and alum in treating aquaculture effluent: effect of dosage, rapid mixing speed, and settling time. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 9981 9994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04682-y
• 11. Alnawajha, M.M., Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., 2022. Plant-based coagulants/flocculants: characteristics, mechanisms, and possible utilization in treating aquaculture effluent and benefiting from the recovered nutrients. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 58430–58453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21631-x
• 12. Asward, M., Elystia, S., Yeni, E., 2019. Pengaruh Kecepatan dan waktu pengadukan dalam pengolahan air gambut menggunakan serbuk biji asam jawa (Tamarindus Indica L) Sebagai Biokoagulan. Jom FTEKNIK 6, 1–8.
• 13. Ayoub, G.M., Hamzeh, A., Semerjian, L., 2011. Post treatment of tannery wastewater using lime/bittern coagulation and activated carbon adsorption. De salination 273, 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.045
• 14. BinAhmed, S., Ayoub, G., Al-Hindi, M., Azizi, F., 2015. The effect of fast mixing conditions on the coagulation–flocculation process of highly turbid suspensions using liquid bittern coagulant. Desalin. Water Treat. 53, 3388–3396. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.933043
• 15. Chik, C.E.N.C.E., Kurniawan, S.B., Shukri, Z.N.A., Terkula, I.B., Wahab, F., Endut, A., Lananan, F., Hasan, H.A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Kasan, N.A., 2024. Chitosan coagulant: coagulation/flocculation studies on turbidity removal from aquaculture wastewater by response surface methodology. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04989-4
• 16. Dampang, S., Purwanti, E., Destyorini, F., Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Imron, M.F., 2021. Analysis of optimum temperature and calcination time in the production of CaO using seashells waste as CaCO3 source. J. Ecol. Eng. 22, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/135316
• 17. Daud, N.M., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Ismail, N., Izzati, Dhokikah, Y., 2022. Integrated physical-biological treatment system for batik industry wastewater: A review on process selection. Sci. Total Environ. 152931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152931
• 18. Diwani, G. El, Rafie, S. El, 2002. Bittern as coagulant for treatment of municipal wastewater. Cairo University. Giza, Egypt.
• 19. Ebeling, J.M., Ogden, S.R., Sibrell, P.L., Rishel, K.L., 2004. Application of chemical coagulation aids for the removal of suspended solids (TSS) and phosphorus from the microscreen effluent discharge of an intensive recirculating aquaculture system. N. Am. J. Aquac. 66, 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1577/a03-056.1
• 20. Fitriani, N., Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Maulana, I.I., Soedjono, E.S., Mohamed, R.M.S.R., Othman, N.B., Ni’matuzahroh, Kusuma, M.N., 2023a. System dynamic modelling to assess the influential factors affecting roughing filter and slow sand filter performance in treating culinary wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 56, 104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104274
• 21. Fitriani, N., Kusuma, M.N., Wirjodirdjo, B., Hadi, W., Hermana, J., Ni’matuzahroh, Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Mohamed, R.M.S.R., 2020. Performance of geotextile-based slow sand filter media in removing total coli for drinking water treatment using system dynamics modelling. Heliyon 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04967
• 22. Fitriani, N., Mohamed, R.M.S.R., Affandi, M., Nur din, R.R., Kurniawan, S.B., 2023b. Performance of intermittent slow sand filter processing units in treating food court wastewater. J. Ecol. Eng. 24, 117 139. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/159399
• 23. Fitriani, N., Theresia, L., O’Marga, T.T.N., Kurniawan, S.B., Supriyanto, A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Rietveld, L.C., 2023c. Performance of a modified and intermittently operated slow sand filter with two different mediums in removing turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate with varying acclimatization periods. Heliyon 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22577
• 24. Fitriani, N., Wahyudianto, F.E., Salsabila, N.F., Mo hamed, R.M.S.R., Kurniawan, S.B., 2023d. Performance of modified slow sand filter to reduce turbidity, total suspended solids, and iron in river water as water treatment in disaster areas. J. Ecol. Eng. 24, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/156009
• 25. Igwegbe, C.A., Ighalo, J.O., Onukwuli, O.D., Obiora‐okafo, I.A., Anastopoulos, I., 2021a. Coagulation‐flocculation of aquaculture wastewater using green coagulant from garcinia kola seeds: Parametric studies, kinetic modelling and cost analysis. Sustain. 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169177
• 26. Igwegbe, C.A., Onukwuli, O.D., Ighalo, J.O., Menkiti, M.C., 2021b. Bio-coagulation-flocculation (BCF) of municipal solid waste leachate using picralima nitida extract: RSM and ANN modelling. Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem. 4, 100078.
• 27. Imron, M.F., Firdaus, A.A.F., Flowerainsyah, Z.O., Rosyidah, D., Fitriani, N., Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Wibowo, Y.G., 2023. Phytotechnology for domestic wastewater treatment: Performance of Pistia stratiotes in eradicating pollutants and future prospects. J. Water Process Eng. 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103429
• 28. Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Imron, M.F., Ahmad, A., Mohd Said, N.S., Mohd Rahim, N.F., Mohammad Alnawajha, M., Abu Hasan, H., Othman, A.R., Purwanti, I.F., 2021. Potential of valuable materials recovery from aquaculture wastewater: An introduction to resource reclamation. Aquac. Res. 52, 2954–2962. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15180
• 29. Kurniawan, S.B., Abdullah, S.R.S., Imron, M.F., Said, N.S.M., Ismail, N. ‘Izzati, Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Purwanti, I.F., 2020. Challenges and opportunities of biocoagulant/bioflocculant application for drinking water and wastewater treatment and its potential for sludge recovery. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312
• 30. Kurniawan, S.B., Ahmad, A., Imron, M.F., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Kuncoro, E.P., 2023a. Performance of chemical-based vs biobased coagulants in treating aquaculture wastewater and cost-benefit analysis. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 32, 1177–1187. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/156419
• 31. Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, A.R., Hasan, H.A., 2023b. Coagulation-flocculation of aquaculture effluent using biobased flocculant: From artificial to real wastewater optimization by response surface methodology. J. Water Process Eng. 53, 103869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103869
• 32. Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, A.R., Purwanti, I.F., Hasan, H.A., 2022a. Treatment of real aquaculture effluent using bacteria-based bioflocculant produced by Serratia marcescens. J. Water Process Eng. 47, 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102708
• 33. Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., Chik, C.E.N.C.E., Owodunni, A.A., Ahmad, A., Alnawajha, M.M., Rahim, N.F.M., Said, N.S.M., Abdullah, S.R.S., Kasan, N.A., Ismail, S., Othman, A.R., Hasan, H.A., 2022b. What compound inside biocoagulants/bioflocculants is contributing the most to the coagulation and flocculation processes? Sci. Total Environ. 806, 150902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150902
• 34. Lee, S.I., Weon, S.Y., Lee, C.W., Koopman, B., 2003. Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater by addition of bittern. Chemosphere 51, 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00807-X
• 35. Lin, J.L., Nugrayanti, M.S., Ika, A.R., Karangan, A., 2021. Removal of Microcystis Aeruginosa by oxidation-assisted coagulation: Effect of algogenic organic matter fraction changes on algae destabilization with Al hydrates. J. Water Process Eng. 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102142
• 36. Nasir, N.M., Jusoh, A., Manan, H., Kasan, N.A., Kamaruzzan, A.S., Wan Abdul Karim Ghani, W.A., Kurniawan, S.B., Lananan, F., 2023. Utilization of microalgae, Chlorella sp. UMT LF2 for bioremediation of Litopenaeus vannamei culture system and harvesting using bio-flocculant, Aspergillus niger. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 47, 102596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102596
• 37. Nimatuzahroh, Fitriani, N., Nuswantara, E.N., Affandi, M., Prasongsuk, S., Kurniawan, S.B., 2022. Isolation and characterization of schmutzdecke in slow sand filter for treating domestic wastewater. J. Ecol. Eng. 23, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/153460
• 38. Owodunni, A.A., Ismail, S., Kurniawan, S.B., Ahmad, A., Imron, M.F., Abdullah, S.R.S., 2023. A review on revolutionary technique for phosphate removal in wastewater using green coagulant. J. Water Process Eng. 52, 103573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103573
• 39. Putra, R.S., Airun, N.H., 2021. The effect of particle size and dosage on the performance of Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) as biocoagulant on wastewater treatment of batik industry. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1087, 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1087/1/012045
• 40. Ramli, N.N., Kurniawan, S.B., Ighalo, J.O., Mohd Said, N.S., Marsidi, N., Buhari, J., Ramli Shah, R.A., Zulkifli, M., Alias, J., Daud, N.M., Ahmad, J., Othman, A.R., Sheikh Abdullah, S.R., Abu Hasan, H., 2023. A review of the treatment technologies for hexavalent chromium contaminated water. Bio-Metals 36, 1189–1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00512-x
• 41. Romano, S., Trespi, S., Achermann, R., Battaglia, G., Raponi, A., Marchisio, D., Mazzotti, M., Micale, G., Cipollina, A., 2023. The role of operating conditions in the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide hexagonal platelets using NaOH solutions. Cryst. Growth Des. 23, 6491–6505. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00462
• 42. Soedjono, E.S., Slamet, A., Fitriani, N., Sumarlan, M.S., Supriyanto, A., Mitha Isnadina, D.R., Othman, N.B., 2021. Residual seawater from salt production (bittern) as a coagulant to remove lead (Pb2+) and turbidity from batik industry wastewater. Heliyon 7, e08268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08268
• 43. Tangahu, B.V., Ningsih, D.A., Kurniawan, S.B., Imron, M.F., 2019. Study of BOD and COD removal in batik wastewater using Scirpus grossus and Iris pseudacorus with intermittent exposure system. J. Ecol. Eng. 20, 130–134. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/105357
• 44. Tangahu, B.V., Triatmojo, A., Purwanti, I.F., Kurniawan, S.B., 2018. The effect of light-emitting diodes illumination period and light intensity on High Rate Algal Reactor system in laundry wastewater treatment. J. Ecol. Eng. 19, 170–175. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/91881
• 45. Underwood, A.L., Day, R.A., 2003. Analisis kimia kuantitatif, Edisi I, Erlangga.
• 46. Wan Jusoh, H.H., Juahir, H., Mohd Nasir, N., Kurniawan, S.B., Jusoh, A., Mahiddin, N.A., 2023. Granular activated carbon optimization for enhanced environmental disaster resilience and malathion removal from agricultural effluent. E3S Web Conf. 437, 03006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343703006