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The advancement of electric vehicles is linked to the increasing concern about the world’s oil resources running out and the problem of global climate change. As global sea trade keeps expanding quickly, the characteristics of ships also change, as they become bigger, carry more passengers, and new risky goods emerge, including, for example, electric vehicles. The article discusses challenges of preventing fires on ro-ro ships with regard to electric car fires, which are becoming more recognizable due to their increasing prevalence and consists of two parts. Part 1 covers some key challenges of fire safety on the cargo decks of ro-ro ships when an electric car catches fire and the main aspects of fire safety regulations for seagoing roll-on/roll-off ships in the ro-ro space. Problematic areas were considered in the following aspects: features of maritime transport, specifics of cargo carriage on a ro-ro vessel, the difficulty of evacuating sailors and passengers from a burning ship, specifics of firefighting on a ship, challenges and dangers of electric vehicle fires and lack of adequate fire protection and procedures on a ro-ro ship in terms of an electric car fire. The second part of this article presents some possible solutions to improve the fire safety of ro-ro ships, on cargo decks, and the author’s idea of implementing a new fire protection device consisting of fire ventilation. No other study has addressed fire safety challenges of ro-ro ships with such depth, especially given the emerging risk of electric cars.
Wydawca
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
109--129
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 48 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Maritime University of Szczecin
autor
- Maritime University of Szczecin
autor
- Fire Academy, Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
- 1. Arvidson, M., Westlund, Ö., (2023). Water Spray Fire Suppression Tests Comparing Gasoline-Fuelled and Battery Electric Vehicles. Fire Technology, no. 59, pp. 3391–3414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01473-w
- 2. Arvidson, M., Westlund, Ö., (2024). The Development of Automatic Sprinkler System Concepts for Maritime Vehicle Carriers. Fire Technology, 60(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01563-3
- 3. Bao, J. et al., (2023). A hybrid approach for quantitative analysis of fire hazards in enclosed vehicle spaces on ro-ro passenger ships. Sustainability, 15(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713059
- 4. Boehmer, H., (2020). Modern Vehicle Hazards in Parking Garages Vehicle Carriers. National Fire Protection Association.
- 5. ClassNK, (2023). Guidelines for the Safe Transportation of Electric Vehicles (Edition 1.0).
- 6. CNBOP (Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection), (2023). Prowadzenie działań ratowniczych podczas zdarzeń z udziałem pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym. Józefów.
- 7. Diaz, F. et al., (2019). Gas generation measurement and evaluation during mechanical processing and thermal treatment of spent Li-ion batteries. Waste Management, no. 84, pp. 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.029
- 8. Derski, B., (2023). Firefighters about electric car fires. Wysokie Napięcie. https://wysokienapiecie.pl/90860-strazacy-o-pozarach-samochodow-elektrycznych/ [4.04.2024]
- 9. DNV-GL, (2016). Fires on ro-ro decks, https://maritimesafetyinnovationlab.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/DNV-GL-Fires-on-Ro-Ro-Decks-2016.pdf. [12.09.2023]
- 10. Ervin, H., (2023). Car carrier spark closer look at cargo. Marine Log.
- 11. EMSA, (2022). Guidance on the carriage of AFVs in RO-RO spaces, https://emsa.europa.eu/publications/reports/item/4729-guidance-on-the-carriage-of-afvs-in-ro-rospaces.html. [29.05.2024]
- 12. Ghiji, M. et al., (2020). A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Suppression. Energies, 13(19), 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195117
- 13. Held, M. et al., (2022). Thermal runaway and fire of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery and contamination of infrastructure facility. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112474
- 14. https://www.automotivelogistics.media/fire-damaged-sincerity-ace-towed-back-tojapan/37580.article. [4.04.2024]
- 15. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/Pages/SSE-10th-session.aspx. [29.05.2024]
- 16. Hynynen, J. et al., (2023). Report – Electric Vehicle Fire Safety in Enclosed Spaces. RISE.
- 17. IEA, (2023). Global EV Outlook 2023, https://evmarketsreports.com/global-ev-outlook-2023-2/. [12.09.2023]
- 18. IMO, (2018). International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, (SOLAS Convention), Consolidated Edition, as amended.
- 19. IMO, (2019). International Code for Fire Safety Systems, (FSS Code), Consolidated Edition, as amended.
- 20. IMO, (2020). Fire test research on ships carrying lithium-ion battery vehicles, SSE 7/ INF.11.
- 21. James, R.B., (2023). SOLAS Requirements for Weather Deck Fire Detection & Fire Monitors. Unifire AB. https://unifireab.com/uncategorized/solas-requirements-for-weather-deck-fire-detection-fire-monitors/
- 22. KG PSP (National Headquarters of the State Fire Service), (2023). Standardowe zasady postępowania podczas zdarzeń z samochodami z napędem elektrycznym oraz hybrydowym (Standard rules of conduct during incidents with electric and hybrid cars), second edition.
- 23. Kosiorek, M., (2016). Fire resistance of steel structure, Builder Part 4, R. 20 no. 1, pp. 92–97, Warsaw.
- 24. Kima, K. and Jeon, H., (2023). The causes and responses to cargo hold fire accidents in RoRo ships using AcciMap. Journal of International Maritime Safety Environmental Affairs and Shipping, 7(4), https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2023.2274227
- 25. LASH FIRE, (2021). Deliverables D5.1 Definition of generic ships.
- 26. LASH FIRE, (2021a). Deliverables D8.1 Definition and parametrization of critical fire hazards, classification of cargoes, transport units, engines, fuels and vessels and identification methodologies.
- 27. LASH FIRE, (2022). Deliverables 5.6.Ship integration requirement.
- 28. LASH FIRE, (2022a). Deliverables D11.2. Development of means for sub-division of roro spaces.
- 29. LASH FIRE, (2022b). Deliverable D11.4 (2022). LASH FIRE, Description of development and assessment of safe ro-ro space openings.
- 30. Leroux, J. et al., (2018). FIRESAFE II Containment and Evacuation, Final Report, Version 1.1, EMSA.
- 31. Łącki, W., (2020). Garages for electric cars – new challenges for fire protection, Warsaw: Warunki Techniczne.
- 32. Marcheschi, A., (2023). Behind the scenes of the fremantle highway salvage mission. Marine Log, LP 19/2023 A Brief Review on the Fremantle Highway Fire.
- 33. MCA (Maritime and Coastguard Agency), (2023). Guidance MGN 653. Amendment 1 electric vehicles onboard passenger roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries.
- 34. McGregor, K. et al., (2021). A Master’s Guide to: Fire safety on ferries, https://www.standardclub.com/fileadmin/uploads/standardclub/Documents/Import/publications/masters-guides/2678934-a-masters-guide-to-fire-safety-on-ferries.pdf. [12.09.2023]
- 35. Mindykowski, P., (2022). Fire-safe Distance Between Ro-Ro Space Openings and Lifesaving Appliances. Kapal Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan, 19(2), https://doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v19i2.44753.
- 36. NTSB, (2020). Fire aboard Roll-on/Roll-off Vehicle Carrier Höegh Xiamen, https://maritimecyprus.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Hoegh-Xiamen-investigation-report.pdf. [12.09.2023]
- 37. PRS, (2022). Publication 39/I. Guidelines for the safe carriage of alternative fueled vehicles (afvs) on ro-ro ships and on board charging of electric vehicles.
- 38. Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 12 April 2002 on the technical conditions to be met by buildings and their location (Polish Journal of Laws/Dz.U. 2022 item 1225).
- 39. Sun, P. et al., (2020). A review of battery fires in electric vehicles. Fire Technology, 56, pp. 1361–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-00958-2
- 40. Szozda, Z., (2016). Stateczność statku morskiego. Szczecin: Maritime Academy Publishing House.
- 41. Todorov, M.D., (2016). Ro-Ro Handbook: A Practical Guide to Roll-On Roll-Off Cargo Ships.
- 42. Transport Canada, (2024). https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/2024-01/SSB-04-2024E.pdf. [29.05.2024]
- 43. Węglarz, K., (2022). Koncepcja ochrony przeciwpożarowej na statku morskim towarowym Regalica (The concept of fire protection on the marine cargo ship Regalica). Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP, no. 81, 29–46.
- 44. Węgrzyński, W., Krajewski, G., (2015). Systemy wentylacji pożarowej garaży. Projektowanie, ocena, odbiór. Warsaw: Instytut Techniki Budowlanej.
- 45. Węgrzyński, W., (2021). Smoke control of car parks with electric vehicles, Instal, No. 7/8, pp. 27–32.
- 46. Willstrand, O. et al., (2020). Toxic gases from fire in electric vehicles. Report 2020:90, RISE.
- 47. Yuan, et al., (2021). A review of fire-extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium-ion batteries fire. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.03.031
- 48. Zeinali, D., (2023). Experimental study of fire containment using water mist curtains in a reduced-scale deck of a ro-ro ship. Fire Safety Journal, 140(103835):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103835
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-dd2c29e3-f474-4a93-abf6-a1a7a80f0271
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