Structural aspects of using glass in facades

• Autorzy: Kozłowski Marcin , Cwyl Maciej , Jóźwik Anna

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/ace.2025.155094

Warianty tytułu

PL

Konstrukcyjne aspekty stosowania szkła w fasadach

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Glass is a unique structural material that combines transparency, aesthetics and mechanical performance, making it one of the most important components in contemporary façade engineering. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the structural use of glass in façades, with a particular focus on its mechanical properties, product types, design methodologies and system applications. The study begins with a review of the physical and chemical characteristics of float glass, including its elastic and brittle behaviour, sensitivity to surface defects and strategies for strength enhancement – such as thermal tempering and chemical strengthening. Basic glass products such as laminated glass, insulating glass units and fire-resistant glass are also discussed. A significant portion of the article is dedicated to identifying and analysing common errors that occur at different stages of façade design, construction and maintenance. Examples include issues related to thermal movement, incorrect material selection, inadequate joint detailing and insufficient maintenance strategies, all of which may compromise façade integrity and user safety. The paper also explores advanced façade systems such as unitised modules, double-skin façades, closed cavity façades and long-span glazed façades supported by trusses, cables or glass fins. Case studies of notable architectural applications, including the Markthal in Rotterdam and the Sub-Center Library in Beijing, are used to illustrate current trends and engineering challenges. Finally, the article highlights the ongoing standardization efforts in structural glass design, including the forthcoming Eurocode 10, which aims to formalize glass as a structural material within the European regulatory framework.

PL

Szkło to unikalny materiał konstrukcyjny, który łączy w sobie przezierność, walory estetyczne oraz właściwości mechaniczne, co czyni go jednym z najważniejszych komponentów we współczesnej inżynierii fasad. Artykuł przedstawia kompleksowy przegląd zastosowania szkła jako materiału konstrukcyjnego w elewacjach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jego właściwości mechanicznych, typów wyrobów, metod projektowania oraz systemów fasadowych. W pierwszej części pracy omówiono fizykochemiczne właściwości szkła float, w tym jego zachowanie sprężyste i kruche, podatność na defekty powierzchniowe oraz strategie zwiększania wytrzymałości, takie jak hartowanie termiczne i wzmacnianie chemiczne. Opisano również podstawowe wyroby szklane: szkło laminowane, zespolone oraz ognioodporne. Znaczną część artykułu poświęcono analizie typowych błędów występujących na etapie projektowania, realizacji i eksploatacji elewacji. Przykłady te obejmują problemy związane z kompensacją przemieszczeń termicznych, nieprawidłowym doborem materiałów, błędami w projektowaniu połączeń oraz niewystarczającą konserwacją – wszystkie mogą prowadzić do uszkodzeń i zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa użytkowników. Omówiono również zaawansowane systemy elewacyjne, takie jak moduły elementowe, fasady dwupowłokowe, systemy z zamkniętą wnęką oraz fasady wielkoformatowe wspierane przez kratownice, cięgna lub żebra szklane. Przedstawiono studia przypadków, m.in. Markthal w Rotterdamie i Sub-Center Library w Pekinie, ilustrujące aktualne trendy i wyzwania inżynierskie. Na koniec omówiono prace nad standaryzacją projektowania szkła konstrukcyjnego, w tym nadchodzącą normę Eurokod 10, która ma ułatwić projektowanie konstrukcji szklanych w Europie.

• Wydawca: Komitet Inżynierii Lądowej i Wodnej PAN ; Politechnika Warszawska, Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej
• Czasopismo: Archives of Civil Engineering
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Vol. 71, nr 3
• Strony: 199--216
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 66 poz., il.

Twórcy

autor

Kozłowski Marcin

• Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Gliwice, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-023X

autor

Cwyl Maciej

• Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-7840

autor

Jóźwik Anna

• Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-5357

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