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Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Polymers and Crystalline Qualities on the Safety Performance of LLM-105-based PBXs under Dynamic Compression and Shear

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In recent years, the safety of ammunition has been an issue that has received close attention. The determination of the factors that influence the ignition of various 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105)-based polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) under external stimuli is of great importance for the development of safe PBX formulations. In order to further understand such factors and response characteristics, dynamic compression and shear tests on PBXs containing fluorinated rubber, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7), polyethylene wax (PEW), and high quality or rough LLM-105 were conducted. A high speed camera, SEM, and XPS imaging were used to examine the recovered samples, variations in the structures of LLM-105 based-PBXs, and the surface chemical composition after compression and shear. For a given sample the ignition threshold in a shear test was generally lower than that in a compression test. We have also determined the factors causing decomposition. The ignition mechanism under dynamic compression and shear were helpful for developing better PBX formulations.
Rocznik
Strony
201--222
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 20 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
autor
  • Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
Bibliografia
  • [1] Teipel, U. Energetic Materials: Particle Processing and Characterization. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2006, pp. 8; ISBN 3-527-30240-9.
  • [2] Leiber, C.O. Assessment of Safety and Risk with a Microscopic Model of Detonation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003, pp. 163-175; ISBN 0-444-51332-9.
  • [3] Dubovik, A.V.; Matveev, A.A. Explosion-like Reactions in Poly(vinyl chloride) on Impact. Dokl. Phys. Chem. 2012, 446(2): 163-165.
  • [4] Field, J.E.; Walley, T.M.; Proud, W.G.; Goldrein, H.T.; Siviour, C.R. Review of Experimental Techniques for High Rate Deformation and Shock Studies. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2004, 30(7): 725–775.
  • [5] Swallowe, G.M.; Field, J.E. Effect of Polymers on the Drop-Weight Sensitiveness of Explosives. Int. Det. Symp., Proc., 7th, Annapolis, MD, USA, 1981, 24.
  • [6] Dai, X.; Han, D.; Xiang, Y.; Li, T. The Measurement and Numerical Simulation of the Projectile Deformation in Susan Test. Chin. J. Energ. Mater. 2004. 12(4):235-238.
  • [7] Dai, X.; Shen, C.; Lü, Z.; Xiang, Y. Reaction Properties for Different Size PBX-2 Explosives in Bullet Impact Test. Chin. J. Energ. Mater. (HanNeng CaiLiao) 2008, 16(4): 432-435.
  • [8] Hu, Z.; Luo, H.; Bardenhagen, S.G.; Siviour, C.R.; Armstrong, R.W.; Lu, H. Internal Deformation Measurement of Polymer Bonded Sugar in Compression by Digital Volume Correlation of in-situ Tomography. Exp. Mech. 2015, 55(1): 289-300.
  • [9] Ma, D.; Chen, P.; Zhou, Q.; Dai, K. Ignition Criterion and Safety Prediction of Explosives under Low Velocity Impact. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 114(11): 113505.
  • [10] Dai, X.; Shen, C.; Wen, Y.; Xiang, Y. Reaction Rule for Explosive under Different Shape Warhead Impact in Steven Test. Chin. J. Energ. Mater. (HanNeng CaiLiao) 2009, 17(1): 50-54.
  • [11] Dai, X.; Wen, Y.; Huang, H.; Zhang, P.; Wen, M. Impact Response Characteristics of a Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine Based Polymer-bonded Explosives under Different Temperatures. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 114(11): 114906.
  • [12] Tran, T.D.; Pagoria, P.F.; Hoffman, D.M.; Cutting, J.L.; Lee, R.S.; Simpson, R.L. Characterization of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-Dinitropyrazine-1-Oxide (LLM-105) as an Insensitive High Explosive Material. LLNL Report UCRL-JL-147932, 2002.
  • [13] Hoffman, D.M.; Lorenz, K.T.; Cunningham, B.; Gagliardi, F. Formulation and Mechanical Properties of LLM-105 PBXs. LLNL Report LLNL-CONF-402822, 2008.
  • [14] Tran, T.D.; Pagoria, P.F.; Hoffman, D.M.; Cunningham, B.; Simpson, R.L.; Lee, R.S. Cutting, J.L. Small-scale Safety and Performance Characterization of New Plastic Bonded Explosives Containing LLM-105. Int. Det. Symp., Proc., 12th, San Diego, CA, 2002, 440.
  • [15] Xu, W.; An, C.; Wang, J.; Dong, J.; Geng, X. Preparation and Properties of an Insensitive Booster Explosive Based on LLM-105. Propellants, Explos. Pyrotech. 2013, 38(1): 136-141
  • [16] Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.; Ma, L.; Wang, Y.; Chen, J.; Yuan, Z.; Yang, L.; Zhou, R. The New Progress of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitro Pyrazine-1-oxide. Sci. Technol. Eng. 2015, 15 (23): 1.
  • [17] Dai, X.; Huang, Q.; Huang, F.; Li, M.; Wen, Y.; Liu, X. The Development of a Confined Impact Test for Evaluating the Safety of Polymer-bonded Explosives during Warhead Penetration. Propellants, Explos. Pyrotech. 2015, 40(5): 665-673
  • [18] Evers, J.; Klapötke, T.M.; Mayer, P.; Oehlinger, G.; Welch, J. α- and β-FOX-7, Polymorphs of a High Energy Density Material, Studied by X-ray Single Crystal and Powder Investigations in the Temperature Range from 200 to 423 K. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45(13): 4996-5007.
  • [19] Xue, X.; Wen, Y.; Long, X.; Li, J.; Huang, H.; Zhang, C. Influence of Dislocations on the Shock Sensitivity of RDX: Molecular Dynamic Simulations by Reactive Force Field. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119(24):13735.
  • [20] Liu, R.; Chen, P.W.; Zhang, X.T.; Zhu, S.P. Non-Shock Ignition Probability of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetrazocine-based Polymer Bonded Explosives Based on Microcrack Stochastic Distribution. Propellants, Explos. Pyrotech. 2020, 45(4):568-580.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-da352ed7-1af2-45b4-bafb-e4f147268583
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