A study on the possibility of the Brugger test application for differentiation between the API GL performance levels of gear oils

• Autorzy: Trzos M. , Szczerek M. , Tuszynski W.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The paper presents the results of research aimed at differentiation between the API GL performance levels of automotive gear oils. Tribological tests were conducted with the use of two different tribotesters. A four-ball apparatus and a crossed-cylinder wear tester were employed. Several dozen oils were tested, and various standardised measurements of their lubricating properties have been determined. Then, the measurements of the tribological properties were related to the particular API GL performance levels and the results obtained in the two tribotesters were compared. The most known measurements, which characterise the antiwear and extreme-pressure properties of lubricants, were determined with the use of the four-ball apparatus. Using the crossed-cylinder wear tester, the load-carrying capacity of the oil has been assessed through the Brugger test. The statistical analysis of the research results has shown the possibility of the differentiation between the API GL performance levels of automotive gear oils on the basis of the Brugger test. The Brugger test is characterised by relatively low time-consumption, and the crossed-cylinder wear tester is relatively inexpensive, thus this approach may give significant benefits to the laboratory testing automotive gear oils.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Brugger test; four-ball test; automotive gear oil; API performance level; resistance to wear

PL

motoryzacja; poziom wydajności; odporność na ścieranie

• Wydawca: Springer ; Wrocław University of Science and Technology
• Czasopismo: Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: Vol. 13, no. 1
• Strony: 14--20
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 23 poz., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Trzos M.

• Institute for Sustainable Technologies National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB), ul. Pulaskiego 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland

autor

Szczerek M.

• Institute for Sustainable Technologies National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB), ul. Pulaskiego 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland

autor

Tuszynski W.

• Institute for Sustainable Technologies National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB), ul. Pulaskiego 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] L. Magalhaes, R. Martins, C. Locateli, J. Seabra, Influence of tooth profile and oil formulation on gear power loss, Tribology International 43 (2010) 1861–1871.
• [2] R. Martins, J. Seabra, L. Magalhaes, Austempered ductile iron (ADI) gears: power loss, pitting and micropitting, Wear 264 (2008) 838–849.
• [3] R. Martins, J. Seabra, A. Brito, C. Seyfert, R. Luther, A. Igartua, Friction coefficient in FZG gears lubricated with industrial gear oils: biodegradable ester vs. mineral oil, Tribology International 39 (2006) 512–521.
• [4] L. Havet, J. Blouet, F. Robbe Valloire, E. Brasseur, D. Slomka, Tribological characteristics of some environmentally friendly lubricants, Wear 248 (2001) 140–146.
• [5] P. Nagendramma, S. Kaul, Development of ecofriendly/biodegradable lubricants: an overview, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 764–774.
• [6] B.O. Ahrstrom, Investigation of frictional properties of lubricants at transient elastohydrodynamic conditions, Tribology International 34 (2001) 809–814.
• [7] M. Kalin, J. Vizintin, The tribological performance of DLC-coated gears lubricated with biodegradable oil in various pinion/gear material combinations, Wear 259 (2005) 1270–1280.
• [8] B. Krzan, Z. Vizintin, Tribological properties of an environmentally adopted universal tractor transmission oil based on vegetable oil, Tribology International 36 (2003) 827–833.
• [9] S. Mia, S. Mizukami, R. Fukuda, S. Morita, N. Ohno, High-pressure behaviour and tribological properties of wind turbine gear oil, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24 (2010) 111–114.
• [10] M. Muller, K.T. Mikilozic, A. Daardin, H.A. Spikes, The design of boundary film-forming PMA viscosity modifiers, Tribology Transactions 49 (2) (2006) 225–232.
• [11] Q. Gong, W. He, W. Liu, The tribological behavior of thiopho-sphates as additives in rapeseed oil, Tribology International 36 (2003) 733–738.
• [12] K. Michaelis, B.-R. Hohn, P. Oster, Influence of lubricant on gear failures test methods and application to gearboxes in practice, Tribotest Journal 11 (1) (2004) 43–56.
• [13] P.I. Lacey, Development of a gear oil scuff test (GOST) procedure to predict adhesive wear resistance of turbine engine lubricants, Tribology Transactions 41 (1998) 307–316.
• [14] R.P.S. Bisht, S. Singhal, A laboratory technique for the evaluation of automotive gear oils of API GL-4 level, Tribotest Journal 6 (1) (1999) 69–77.
• [15] W. Piekoszewski, M. Szczerek, W. Tuszynski, The action of lubricants under extreme pressure conditions in a modified four-ball tester, Wear 249 (2001) 188–193.
• [16] M. Szczerek, W. Tuszynski, A method for testing lubricants under conditions of scuffing. Part I. Presentation of the method, Tribotest Journal 8 (4) (2002) 273–284.
• [17] W. Tuszynski, J. Molenda, M. Makowska, Tribochemical conversions of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) under extremely different pressure conditions, Tribology Letters 13 (2) (2002) 103–109.
• [18] G.W. Stachowiak, A.W. Batchelor, Engineering Tribology, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston–Oxford–Auckland–Johannesburg–Melbourne–New Delhi, 2001.
• [19] J. Drabik, M. Trzos, Modelling relation between oxidation resistance and tribological properties of non-toxic lubricants with the use of artificial neural networks, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109 (2) (2012) 521–527.
• [20] M.A. Nicholls, T. Do, P.R. Norton, M. Kasrai, G.M. Bancroft, Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates, Tribology International 38 (2005) 15–39.
• [21] W. Tuszynski, R. Michalczewski, W. Piekoszewski, M. Szczerek, Effect of ageing automotive gear oils on scuffing and pitting, Tribology International 41 (2008) 875–888.
• [22] D. Godfrey, Boundary lubrication, in: P.M. Ku (Ed.), Interdisci-plinary Approach to Friction and Wear, Southwest Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp. 335–384.
• [23] E.S. Forbes, The load carrying action of organo-sulphur compounds a review, Wear 15 (1970) 87–96.