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Separacja uryny – dlaczego? jak? i co dalej?

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PL
Separacja moczu u źródła powstania i niezależne zagospodarowanie ścieków żółtych jest przykładem nowego nurtu mającego na celu poprawę usuwania azotu i fosforu ze ścieków i/lub niedopuszczenie do niekontrolowanego dostania się tych związków do środowiska, choć stabilizacja odchodów i ich wykorzystanie do nawożenia pól są znane od wieków. Artykuł stanowi przegląd doniesień ostatnich lat dotyczących celowości separacji uryny u źródła, wad i zalet tego pomysłu, a przede wszystkim sposobów i możliwości zagospodarowania zebranego moczu ludzkiego.
EN
Having in mind the sustainable development, the last decade is rich in new. The source-separation of urine and independent treatment of yellow wastewater represents new technical and technological solutions to improve the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater, although stabilization of faeces for field fertilisation is known from ages. The article focuses on aims and some advantages and disadvantages of the urine source separation idea but at the most on the ways and opportunities of management of the collected human urine.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
363--367
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 43 poz.
Twórcy
autor
  • Politechnika Śląska, Wydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Energetyki, Katedra Biotechnologii Środowiskowej, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice; tel. 322371289
Bibliografia
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  • [2] Udert K.M, C. Fux, M. Munster, T.A. larsen, H. Siegrist, W. Gujer. 2003. Nitrification and autotrophic denitrification of source separated urine. Water Science and Technology, 48, (1): 119–130.
  • [3] DZIENNIK USTAW z dnia 31 lipca 2006 r.; Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 24 lipca 2006.
  • [4] Jönsson H. 2001. Source separation of human urine – separation efficiency and effects on water emissions, crop yield, energy usage and reliability. Proceedings of First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Nanning, China, November: 39–45.
  • [5] Tuszyńska A., H. Obarska-Pempkowiak. 2008. Perspektywy rozwoju systemów sanitarnych z zastosowaniem toalet separujących w Europie. Gaz, woda i technika sanitarna 7–8: 42–49.
  • [6] Larsen T.A, J. Lienert: NoMix 2007. A new approach to urban water management. Novaquatis final report. Eawag, Duebendorf (Switzerland).
  • [7] Suligowski Z. 2009. Spłukiwana toaleta separująca. Ochrona środowiska (3): 57–59.
  • [8] Maurer M., W. Pronk, T. Larsen. 2006. Treatment processes for source-separated urine. Water Research, (40, 7): 3151–3166.
  • [9] Hoglund C.E., T.A. Stenstrom, H. Jonsson, A. Sundin. 1998. Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems. Water Science and Technology (38, 6) : 17–25.
  • [10] Hoglund C.E., T.A.B. Stenstrom. 1999. Survival of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in source separated human urine. Canadian Journal of Microbiology (45): 740–746.
  • [11] Hoglund C.E., B. Vinneras, T.A. Stenstrom, H. Jonsson. 2000. Variation of chemical and microbial parameters in collection and storage tanks for source separated human urine. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering (35, 8): 1463–1475.
  • [12] Hoglund C.E., N. Ashbolt, T.A. Stenstrom, L. Svensson. 2002. Viral persistence in source-separated human urine. Advances in Environmental Research, 6, 3 :265–275.
  • [13] Hoglund C.E, C. T.A. Stenstrom, N. Ashbolt. 2002: Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture. Waste Management and Research, 20 (2): 150–161.
  • [14] Gulyas H., P. Bruhn, M. Furmanska, K. Hartrampf, K. Kot, B. Luttenberg, Z. Mahmood. 2004. Freeze concentration for enrichment of nutrients in yellow water from no-mix toilets. Water Science and Technology, 50 (6): 61–68.
  • [15] Pronk W., H. Palmquist, M. Biebow, M. Boller. 2006. Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine. Water Research, 40 (7 ): 1405–1412.
  • [16] Pronk W., M. Biebow, M. Boller. 2006. Electrodialysis for recovering salts from a urine solution containing micropollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (7): 2414–2420.
  • [17] Pronk W., S. Zuleeg, J. Lienert, B. Escher, M. Koller, A. Berner, G. Koch, M. Boller.2007. Pilot experiments with electrodialysis and ozonation for the production of a fertiliser from urine. Water Science and Technology, 56 (5): 219–227.
  • [18] Hellstrom D., E. Johannson, K. Grennberg. 1999. Storage of human urine: Acidification as a method to inhibit decomposition of urea. Ecological Engineering, 12 (3–4): 253–269.
  • [19] Ronteltap M., M. Maurer, W. Gujer. 2007. Struvite precipitation thermodynamics in source-separated urine. Water Research, 41 (5 ): 977–984.
  • [20] Ronteltap M., M. Maurer, W. Gujer. 2007. The behaviour of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals during struvite precipitation in urine. Water Research, 41 (9): 1859–1868.
  • [21] Lind B.B., Z. Ban, S. Byden. 2000. Nutrient recovery from human urine by struvite crystallization with ammonia adsorption on zeolite and wollastonite. Bioresource Technolology, 73 (2): 169–174.
  • [22] Ban Z.S., G. Dave. 2004. Laboratory studies on recovery of N and P from human urine through struvite crystallisation and zeolite adsorption. Environmental Technology, 25 (19): 111–121.
  • [23] Gulyas H., S. Zhang, R. Otterpohl. 2014. Pretreating stored human urine for solar evaporation by low-technology ammonia stripping. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5 (11): 111–121.
  • [24] Udert M., T.A. Larsen, W. Gujer. 2003. Biologically induced precipitation in urine-collecting systems and urinal traps. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3 (3): 71–78.
  • [25] Farahbakhshazad, N. G. Morrison. 1997. Ammonia removal processes for urine in an upflow macrophyte system, Environmental Science and Technology, 31 (11): 3314–3317.
  • [26] Kümmerer K. (ed.). 2008. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment, 3rd Edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
  • [27] Winker M. 2010. Are pharmaceutical residues in urine a constraint for using urine as a fertiliser? Sustainable Sanitation Practice, 3: 18–24.
  • [28] Pradhan S.K., A.M. Nerg, A. Sjöblom, J.K. Holopainen, H. Heinonen-Tanski 2007. Use of human urine fertilizer in cultivation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) – impacts on chemical, microbial, and flavor quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (21): 8657–8663.
  • [29] Tidåker P., B. Mattsson, H. Jönsson. 2007. Environmental impact of wheat production using human urine and mineral fertilisers – a scenario study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(1): 52–62.
  • [30] Kirchmann H, S. Pettersson. 1995. Human urine-chemical composition and fertilizer efficiency. Fertilizer Research, 40 (2): 149–154.
  • [31] Bodik I., P. Ridderstolpe (red.). 2008. Zrównoważona sanitacja w Europie środkowej i wschodniej – wychodząc naprzeciw potrzebom małych i średnich osiedli ludzkich. Global Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe, Warszawa.
  • [32] Udert K.M, T.A. Larsen, W. Gujer. 2003. Estimating the precipitation potential in urine-collecting systems. Water Research, 37 (11): 2667–2677.
  • [33] Joss A., S. Zabczynski, A. Gobel, B. Hoffmann, D. Loffler, C.S. Mcardell, Ternes T.A., A. Thomsen, H. Siegrist. 2006. Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: Proposing a classification scheme. Water Research, 40 (8): 1686–1696.
  • [34] Wilsenach J., M. van Loosdrecht. 2003. Impact of separate urine collection on wastewater treatment systems. Water Science and Technology, 44(1): 103–110.
  • [35] Larsen T.A., W. Gujer. 1996. Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions (human urine), Water Science and Technology, 34(3–4): 87–94.
  • [36] Huisman J.L., S. Burckhardt, T.A. Larsen, P. Krebs, W. Gujer. 2000. Propagation of waves and dissolved compounds in sewer. Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE, 126, (1): 12–20.
  • [37] Rauch W., D. Brockmann, I. Peters, T.A. Larsen, W. Gujer. 2003. Combining urine separation with waste design: an analysis using a stochastic model for urine production. Water Research, 37 (3): 681–689.
  • [38] Larsen T.A, W. Gujer. 2001. Waste design and source control lead to flexibility in wastewater management. Water Science and Technology, 43 (5): 309–317.
  • [39] Rossi L., J. Lienert, W. Rauch. 2004. At-source control of urine to prevent acute wet-weather impacts of ammonia. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management (NOVATECH), Lion (France) pp. 919–926.
  • [40] Drillia P., S.N. Dokianakis, M.S. Fountoulakis, M. Kornaros, K. Stamatelatou, G. Lyberatos. 2005. On the occasional biodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the activated sludge process: The example of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 122 (3): 259–265.
  • [41] Fux C., M. Boehler, P. Huber, I. Brunner, H. Siegrist. 2002. Biological treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater by partial nitritation and subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in a pilot plant. Journal of Biotechnology, 99 (3): 295–306.
  • [42] Matulska-Bachura A. (red). 2013. Infrastruktura komunalna w 2012 roku. Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa .
  • [43] Kowalski J. 2012 Polska musi zbudować 100 tys. km kanalizacji do 2015 r. albo zapłaci 4 mln euro kary dziennie. Gazeta prawna, wydanie z 20.11.2012.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-d75b95b4-9b38-421b-a674-c94c0041a7bb
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