A short review of pyroducts (lava tubes)

Sawłowicz, Zbigniew

doi:10.14241/asgp.2020.34

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

A short review of pyroducts (lava tubes)

Autorzy

Sawłowicz Zbigniew

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Sawlowicz_Z_A short_ASGP_Vol.90_No.4_2020.pdf

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14241/asgp.2020.34

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Lava tubes and caves, when accessible for man, are very common in volcanic environments and poorly known to non-specialists. This short overview presents the distribution and forms of lava tubes, their speleothems and mineralogy and modes of formation. Studies of lava caves outside of Earth currently are a topic of great interest, as they may be potential locations for some life forms and future bases in space exploration. Basic features of lava tubes are illustrated with reference to the longest lava cave in the world, Kazumura Cave, in Hawaii.

Słowa kluczowe

caves speleothems extraterrestrial volcanic environment Kazumura Cave

Wydawca

Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne

Czasopismo

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

Rocznik

2020

Tom

Vol. 90, No. 4

Strony

513--534

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr.194 poz., fot., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Sawłowicz Zbigniew

zbigniew.sawlowicz@uj.edu.pl

Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Gronostajowa 3a; 30-387 Kraków, Poland

Bibliografia

1. Allred, K. & Allred, C., 1997. Development and morphology of Kazumura Cave, Hawaii. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 59: 67-80.
2. Allred, K. & Allred, C., 1998. Tubular lava stalactites and other related segregations. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 60: 131-140.
3. Allred, K., Allred, C. & Richards, R., 1997. Kazumura Cave Atlas, Island of Hawai‘i. Special Publication Hawai‘i Speleological Survey, National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, 81 pp.
4. Allred, K., Kempe, S. & Halliday, W. R., 1999. Kenneth P. Emory and “Herbert C. Shipman Cave”: a long-standing puzzle solved. Pacific Studies, 22: 77-92.
5. Al-Malabeh, A. & Kempe, S., 2012. Hashemite University Cave, Jordan. In: Al-Malabeh A. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, 15-22 March, 2012. The Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan, pp. 43-48.
6. Antol, J., 2005. A new vehicle for planetary surface exploration: The Mars Tumbleweed. In: 1st Space Exploration Conference: Continuing the Voyage of Discovery.
7. 30 January-1 February, 2005. Orlando, USA. American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005-2520. https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2005-2520 [10.02.2021; 1 p.]
8. Atkinson, A., Griffin, T. J. & Stephenson, P. J., 1975. A major lava tube system from Undaro Volcano, North Queensland. Bulletin Volcanologique, 39: 266-293.
9. Bauer, I., Kempe, S. & Bosted, P., 2013. Kahuenaha Nui, Hawaii, a cave developed in four different lava flows. In: Filippi, M. & Bosák, P. (eds), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Speleology. Vol. 3. Czech Speleological Society, Brno, pp. 231-236.
10. Bella, P. & Gaál, L., 2013. Genetic types of non-solution caves. In: Filippi, M. & Bosák, P. (eds), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Speleology. Vol. 3. Czech Speleological Society, Brno, pp. 237-242.
11. Belousov, A. & Belousova, M., 2018. Dynamics and viscosity of a and pahoehoe lava flows of the 2012-2013 eruption of Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka (Russia). Bulletin of Volcanology, 80: 1-23.
12. Bernardi, M. I., Bertotto, G. W., Ponce, A. D. Orihashi, Y. & Sumino, H., 2019. Volcanology and inflation structures of an extensive basaltic lava flow in the Payenia Volcanic Province, extra-Andean back arc of Argentina. Andean Geology, 46: 279-299.
13. Bleacher, J. E., Hamilton, C. W., Scheidt, S. P., Garry, W. B., de Wet, A., Whelley, P. & Williams, D. A., 2015. No erosion needed: development of streamlined islands during lava channel construction. In: 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, March 16-20, 2015. p. 2182 https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/ pdf/2182.pdf [10.02.2021; 2pp.]
14. Bosted, A. & Bosted, P., 2009. Exploration of Manu Nui Lava Tube. Newsletter Hawai‘i Speleological Survey of the National Speleological Society, 26: 3-13.
15. Bousfield, E. L. & Howarth, F. G., 1976. The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes 8. Terrestrial Amphipoda (Talitridae), including a new genus and species with notes on its biology. Pacific Insects, 17: 144-154
16. Bozzo, E., Coltelli, M., Merlanti, L. S. F. & Tabacco, I., 1994. Geoelectromagnetic survey on the lava tube of the 1991-1993 Etna eruption. Acta Vulcanologica, 4: 125-133.
17. Budetta, G. & Del Negro, C., 1995. Magnetic field changes on lava flow to detect lava tubes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 65: 237-248.
18. Bunnell, D., 2008. Caves of Fire: Inside America's Lava Tubes. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, 124 pp.
19. Byrnes, J. M. & Crown, D. A., 2001. Relationships between pahoe-hoe surface units, topography, and lava tubes at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 106 (B2): 2139-2152.
20. Byrnes, J. M. & Crown, D. A., 2002. Morphology, stratigraphy, and surface roughness properties of Venusian lava flow fields. Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, 107(E10), 5079: 19-1-19-22. doi:10.1029/2001JE001828
21. Calvari, S. & Pinkerton, H., 1998. Formation of lava tubes and extensive flow field during the 1991-1993 eruption of Mount Etna. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11): 27291-27302.
22. Calvari, S. & Pinkerton, H., 1999. Lava tube morphology on Etna and mechanisms evidence on lava flow emplacement. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 90: 263-280.
23. Carracedo, J. C., Singer, B., Jicha, B., Guillou, H., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Meco, J., Pérez Torrado, F. J., Gimeno, D., Socorro, S. & Lainez, A., 2003. La erupción y el tubo volcánico del Volcán Corona (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias). Estudios Geológicos, 59: 277-302.
24. Chapman, P. R. J., 1985. Are the cavernicoles found in Hawaiian lava tubes just visiting. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society, 17: 175-182.
25. Chappaz, L., Sood, R., Melosh, H. & Howell, K., 2014. Buried empty lava tube detection with GRAIL data. In: Conference and Exposition, 4-7 August 2014, San Diego, CA. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 20 pp., https:// arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2014-4371. [10.02.2021] https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-4371
26. Cashman, K. V., Kerr, R. C. & Griffiths, R. W., 2006. A laboratory model of surface crust formation and disruption on lava flows through non-uniform channels. Bulletin of Volcanology, 68: 753-770.
27. Cashman, K., Pinkerton, H. & Stephenson, J., 1998. Introduction to special section: Long lava flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11): 27281-2289.
28. Cheeptham, N., Sadoway, T., Rule, D., Watson, K., Moote, P., Soliman, L. C., Azad, N., Donkor, K. K. & Horne, D., 2013. Cure from the cave: volcanic cave actinomycetes and their potential in drug discovery. International Journal of Speleology, 42: 35-47.
29. Chemtob, S. M. & Rossman, G. R., 2014. Timescales and mechanisms of formation of amorphous silica coatings on fresh basalts at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 286: 41-54.
30. Coan, T., 1844. Journey to Mauna Loa, Letter of March 15, 1843. Missionary Herald, 40 (Feb.): 44-47.
31. Coombs, C. R. & Hawke, B. R., 1992. A search for intact lava tubes on the Moon: Possible lunar base habitats. In: Mendell, W. W. (ed.), The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century. NASA Conference Publication, 3166, Vol. 1. Houston, pp. 219-229.
32. Coombs, C. R., Taylor, G. J. & Rowland, S. K., 1995. The formation and evolution of lava tubes. In: Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 26: 279-280. http:// adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995LPI 26..279C [10.02.2021]
33. Crown, D. A., Greeley, R., Craddock, R. A. & Schaber, G. G., 1992. Geologic Map of Io. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2209, 1:15,000,000. Reston, VA, USA.
34. Crown, D. A, & Ramsey, M. S., 2017. Morphologic and thermophysical characteristics of lava flows southwest of Arsia Mons, Mars. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 342: 13-28.
35. Crumpler, L. S. & Aubele, J. C., 2001. Volcanoes of New Mexico: an abbreviated guide for non-specialists. In: Crumpler, L. S. & Lucas, S. G. (eds), Volcanology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 18: 5-15.
36. Cushing, G. E., 2019. Mars Global Cave Candidate Catalog (MGC3). USGS, Science-Base Catalog. https://www.sci-encebase.gov/catalog/item/5bd36eb1e4b0b3fc5ce51783[4.02.2021].
37. Cushing, G. E., Okubo, C. H. & Titus, T. N., 2015. Atypical pit craters on Mars: New insights from THEMIS, CTX, and HiRISE observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets, 120: 1023-1043.
38. de los Ríos, A., Bustillo, M. A., Ascaso, C. & Carvalho, M. D. R., 2011. Bioconstructions in ochreous speleothems from lava tubes on Terceira Island (Azores). Sedimentary Geology, 236: 117-128.
39. Diniega, S., Smrekar, S. E., Anderson, S. & Stofan, E. R., 2013. The influence of temperature-dependent viscosity on lava flow dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118: 1516-1532,
40. Dragoni, M., Piombo, A. & Tallarico, A., 1995. A model for the formation of lava tubes by roofing over a channel. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 100 (B5): 8435-8447.
41. Dragoni, M. & Santini, S., 2007. Lava flow in tubes with elliptical cross sections. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 160: 239-248.
42. Duraiswami, R. A., Bondre, N. R. & Dole, G., 2004. Possible lava tube system in a hummocky lava flow at Daund, western Deccan Volcanic Province, India. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science (Earth Planetary Sciences), 113: 819-829.
43. Eberhard, R. & Sharples, C., 2013. Appropriate terminology for karst-like phenomena: the problem with “pseudokarst”. International Journal of Speleology, 42: 109-113.
44. Edmonds, M. & Gerlach, T. M., 2006. The airborne lava-seawater interaction plume at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244: 83-96.
45. Ferguson, L. M., 1992. Diplura of lava tube caves. In: Rea, G. T. (ed.), Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, August 1991, Hilo, Hawaii. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, pp. 281-284.
46. Filippucci, M., Tallarico, A. & Dragoni, M., 2011. Conditions for crust and tube formation in lava flows with power-law rheology. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 52: 309-319.
47. Flynn, L. & Mouginis-Mark, P., 1994. Temperature of an active lava channel from spectral measurements, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56: 297-301.
48. Fornari, D. J., 1986. Submarine lava tubes and channels. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48: 291-298.
49. Forti, P., 2000. Minerogenetic mechanisms and cave minerals in the volcanic caves of Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy). Mitteilungen Verband Deutschen Höhlen-und-Karstforschung, 46: 37-41.
50. Forti, P., 2005. Genetic processes of cave minerals in volcanic environments: An overview. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 67: 3-13.
51. Forti, P., Galli, E., Rossi, A., Pint, J. & Pint, S., 2004. Ghar al Hibashi lava tube: the richest site in Saudi Arabia for cave minerals. Acta Carsologica, 33: 189-205.
52. Gadanyi, P., 2010. Formation, Types and Morphology of Basalt Lava Caves. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pécs, Pécs, 19 pp.
53. Gallant, E., Deng, F., Connor, C. B., Dixon, T. H., Xie, S., Saballos, J. A., Gutiérrez, C., Myhre, D., Connor, L., Zayac, J., LaFemina, P., Charbonnier, S., Richardson, J., Malservisi, R. & Thompson, G., 2020. Deep and rapid thermo-mechanical erosion by a small-volume lava flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 537, 116163. [8 pp.]
54. Garcia, M. G., Moya, M., Spilde, M. N., Stone, F. D. & Northup, D. E., 2009. Discovering new diversity in Hawaiian lava tube microbial mats. In: White, W. B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Speleology19-26 July 2009, Kerville, Texas, USA. National Speleological Society, pp. 364-369.
55. Gertsch, W. J., 1973. The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes, 3. Araneae (spiders). Pacific Insects, 15: 163-180. Giacomini, L., Massironi, M., Martellato, E., Pasquare, G.,
56. Firgeri, A. & Cremonese, G., 2009. Inflated flows on Daedalia Planums (Mars)? Clues from a comparative analysis with the Payen volcanic complex (Argentina). Planetary Space Science, 57: 556-570.
57. Glaze, L. S. & Baloga, S. M., 2015. Simulation of cooling and pressure effects on inflated pahoehoelava flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 121: 38-47.
58. Gomez-Alvarez, V., King, G. M. & Nusslein, K., 2007. Comparative bacterial diversity in recent Hawaiian volcanic deposits of different ages. FEMS Microbiology and Ecology, 60: 60-73.
59. Gradziński, M. & Jach, R., 2004. Lava tube caves - generals. Przegląd Geologiczny, 49: 1191-1196. [In Polish, with English summary.]
60. Greeley, R., 1971. Observations of actively forming lava tubes and associated structures, Hawaii'. Modern Geology, 2: 207-223.
61. Greeley, R., 1987. The role of lava tubes in Hawaiian volcanoes. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 1350: 1589-1602.
62. Greeley, R., Fagents, S. A., Harris, R. S., Kadel, S. D., Williams, D. A. & Guest, J. E., 1998. Erosion by flowing lava: Field evidence. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11): 27325-27345.
63. Grin, E., Cabrol, N. & McKay, C., 1998. Caves in the Martian regolith and their significance for exobiology exploration. In: 29th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, Abstract #1012. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC98/pdf/1012.pdf [10.02.2021; 2 pp.].
64. Guimbretière, G., Canizarès, A., Finizola, A., Delcher, E., Raimboux, N., Veron, E., Simon, P., Devouard, B. & Bertil, A., 2014. Raman study of secondary minerals in a recent lava tube. In: 11th GeoRaman International Conference, June 15-19, 2014, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/georaman2014/pdf/5057.pdf [10.02.2021; 2 pp.].
65. Gulden, B., 2021. World's Longest Lava Tubes. http://caverbob. com/ lava.htm [05.02.2021].
66. Halliday, W. R., 1994. Recent vulcanospeleological progress in Hawaii. In: Oromi, P. (ed.), 7th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, November 1994. Federatión Española de Espeleología and Federatión Canaria de Espeleología, pp. 51-58.
67. Halliday, W. R., 1998. Hollow volcanic tumulus caves of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii. International Journal of Speleology, 27B: 95-105.
68. Halliday, W. R., 2002. What is a lava tube? AMCS Bulletin 19 / SMES Boletín, 7: 48-56.
69. Halliday, W. R., 2003. Raw sewage and solid waste dumps in lava tube caves of Hawaii Island. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 65: 68-75.
70. Halliday, W. R., 2004. Volcanic caves. In: Gunn, J. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, pp. 761-764.
71. Harris, A., 2006. Heat loss models for active lava channels and tubes: Controls on flow cooling and length. In: Höskuldsson, A., Wilson, C. J., Sigmundsson, F., Larsen, G., Sigurdsson, H., Rowland, S., Self, S., Sparks, S. & Thordarson, T. (eds), A George P. L. Walker Symposium on Advances in Volcanology, Reykholt, Borgarfjordur, W-Iceland, 12-17 June 2006. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, p. 14.
72. Harris, A. J. L., Blake, S., Rothery, D. & Stevens, N., 1997. A chronology of the 1991 to 1993 Mount Etna eruption using advanced very high-resolution radiometer data: implications for real-time thermal volcano monitoring. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 102 (B4): 7985-8003.
73. Harris, A. J. L., Dehn, J. & Calvari, S., 2007. Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review. Bulletin of Volcanology, 70: 1-22.
74. Harris, A. J. L. & Rowland, S. K., 2009. Effusion rate controls on lava flow length and the role of heat loss: a review. In: Thordarson, T., Self, S., Larsen, G., Rowland, S. K. & Hoskuldsson, A. (eds), Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker. Special Publications of IAVCEI, 2. Geological Society, London, pp. 33-51.
75. Harris, A. J. L., Rowland, S. K., Villeneuve, N. & Thordarson, T., 2017. Pahoehoe, ‘a‘a, and block lava: an illustrated history of the nomenclature. Bulletin of Volcanology, 79: 76-34.
76. Haruyama, J., Hioki, K., Shirao, M., Morota, T., Hiesinger, H., Van Der Bogert, C. H., Miyamoto, H., Iwasaki, A., Yokota, Y., Ohtake, M., Matsunaga, T., Hara, S., Nakanotani, S. & Pieters, C. M., 2009. Possible lunar lava tube skylight observed by SELENE cameras. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L21206. [5 pp.]
77. Hathaway, J. J. M, Garcia, M. G., Balasch, M. M., Spilde, M. N., Stone, F. D., Dapkevicius, M., De Lurdes N. E., Amorim, I. R., Gabriel, R., Borges, P. A. V. & Northup, D. E., 2014.
78. Comparison of bacterial diversity in Azorean and Hawai'ian Lava Cave Microbial Mats. Geomicrobiology Journal, 31: 205-220.
79. Hill, C. & Forti, P., 1997. Cave Minerals of the World. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, 463 pp.
80. Holcomb, R., 1987. Eruptive history and long-term behavior of Kilauea volcano, in Volcanism in Hawai‘i. In: Decker, R., Wright, T. & Stauffer, P. (eds), Volcanism in Hawaii. Papers to Commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the Founding of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1350: 261-350.
81. Hon, K., Bove, D. J., Lee, L. & Thornber, C., 2009, The origin and zonation of sublimates and precipitates in active Hawaiian lava tubes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 41 (7): 193.
82. Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R. & Mackay, K., 1994. Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106: 351-370.
83. Hong, I.-K., Yi, Y. & Kim, E., 2014. Lunar pit craters presumed to be the entrances of lava caves by analogy to the Earth lava tube pits. Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences, 31: 131-140.
84. Hong, S. H., 1992. Caves in Cheju Island, Korea. In: Rea, G. T. (ed.), Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology: Hilo, Hawaii, August 1991. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, pp. 168-169.
85. Howarth, F. G., 1978. Hawaii IBP synthesis: 4. The Hawaiian lava tube ecosystem. In: Smith C. W. (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Conference in Natural Sciences Hawaii Volcanoes National Park; 1978, June 1-3; Honolulu. University of Hawaii, Manoa, pp. 155-164.
86. Hulme, G., 1973. Turbulent lava flow and the formation of lunar sinuous rilles. Modern Geology, 4: 107-117.
87. Hulme, G., 1982. A review of lava flow processes related to the formation of lunar sinuous rilles. Surveys in Geophysics, 5: 245-279.
88. Huppert, H. E., Sparks, R. S. J., Turner, J. S. & Arndt, N. T., 1984. Emplacement and cooling of komatiites lavas. Nature, 309: 19-22.
89. Hurwitz, D. M., Fassett, C. I., Head, J. W. & Wilson, L., 2010. Formation of an eroded lava channel within an Elysium Planitia impact crater: distinguishing between a mechanical and thermal origin. Icarus, 210: 626-634.
90. Jaggar, T. A., 1919. Monthly Bulletin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 7: 5.
91. Kalita, H., Morad, S., Ravindran, A. & Thangavelautham, J., 2018. Path planning and navigation inside off-world lava tubes and caves. In: 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, April 2018. Monterey, CA, pp. 1311-1318. doi:10.1109/PLANS.2018.8373521 https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1803/1803.02818.pdf [10.02.2021]
92. Kashima, N., Irie, T. & Kinoshita, N., 1987. Diatom, contributors of coralloid speleothems, from Togawa-Sakaidani-do cave in Miyazaki prefecture, Central Kyushu, Japan. International Journal of Speleology, 16: 95-100.
93. Kauahikaua, J., Cashman, K. V., Mattox, T. N., Heliker, C. C., Hon, K. A., Mangan, M. T. & Thornber, C. R., 1998. Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea volcano, island of Hawai'i. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11): 27303-27323.
94. Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R., Foster, J. & Keszthelyi, L., 1993. Lava delta instability: Is it mass-wasting or is it triggered by lava flowing through tubes. Eos, Transactions, 74: 616.
95. Kauahikaua, J., Moulds, T. N. & Hon, K., 1990. Observations of lava tube formation in Kalapana, Hawai'i. Eos, Transactions, 71: 1711.
96. Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D. R., Cashman, K. V., Heliker, C., Hon, K., Mattox, T. N. & Johnson, J. A., 2003. Hawaiian Lava-Flow Dynamics During the Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö-Küpaianaha Eruption: A Tale of Two Decades. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1676: 63-97.
97. Kempe, S., 1997. Lavafalls: a major factor for the enlargement of lava tubes of the Ai-la'au Shield phase, Kilauea, Hawaii. In: Jeannine, P-Y. (ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, Swiss Speleological Society, 10-17 September, 1997, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. Speleo Projects, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 445-448.
98. Kempe, S., 1999. Mapping lava flows by surveying lava tubes example: Ail a au/Keauhou flows, Kilauea /Hawaii. In: Barone, N., Bonaccorso, R. & Licitra, G. (eds), Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology. September 11-19, 1999, Catania, Italy. Centro Speleologico Etneo, p. 131.
99. Kempe, S., 2002. Lavaröhren (pyroducts) auf Hawai‘i und ihre Genese. In: Rosendahl, W. & Hoppe, A. (eds), Angewandte Geowissenschaften in Darmstadt. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 15: 109-127.
100. Kempe, S., 2009. Principles of pyroduct lava tunnel formation. In: White, W. B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Speleology, 19-26 July 2009, Kerrville, Texas, USA. National Speleological Society, pp. 668-674.
101. Kempe, S., 2012a. Volcanicrockcaves. In: White, W.B. & Culver, D.C. (eds), Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 865-873.
102. Kempe, S., 2012b. Lava caves, types and development. In: Al-Malabeh, A. (ed.), Proceedings of 15th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, 15-22 March, 2012. The Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan, pp. 49-56.
103. Kempe, S., 2013. Morphology of speleothems in primary (lava-) and secondary caves. In: Shroder, J. & Frumkin, A. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology. Karst Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 267-285.
104. Kempe, S., 2017. What if the “Seven Sisters” are not volcanic? A look at deep hypogene sinkholes in Arabia. In: Moore, K. & White, S. (eds), Proceedings of the 17th International Speleology Congress, 22-30 July, 2017, Sydney, NSW Australia. Australian Speleological Federation Inc., Sydney, pp. 371-374.
105. Kempe, S., 2019. Volcanic rock caves. In: White, W. B., Culver, D. C. & Pipan, T. (eds), Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press/ Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1118-1127.
106. Kempe, S. & Al-Malabeh, A., 2005. Newly discovered lava tunnels of the Al-Shaam plateau basalts. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 7, 03204. [3 pp.]
107. Kempe, S., Bauer, I., Bosted, P., Coons, D. & Elhard, R., 2010. Inflationary versus crusted-over roofs of pyroducts (lava tunnels). In: Middleton, G. J. (ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, August 2010, Undara Volcanic National Park, Queensland, Australia. Published by the Organizing Committee, pp. 93-101.
108. Kempe, S., Bauer, I. & Henschel, H.-V, 2003. P a auhau Civil Defense Cave on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i - A lava tube modified by water erosion. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 65: 76-85.
109. Kempe, S., Henschel, H. V., Shick, H. & Hansen, B., 2009. Archaeology and 14C dates of the Kamakalepo/Waipouli/ Stonehenge area, Nahalehu, Hawai‘i. In: White, W. B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Speleology, Kerrville, Texas, July 19-26, 2009. National Speleological Society, pp. 682-689.
110. Kempe, S. & Ketz-Kempe, C., 1979. Fire and ice atop Hawaii. National Speleological Society News, 37: 185-188.
111. Kempe, S., Ketz-Kempe, C., Halliday, W. R. & Werner, M. S., 1993. The Cave of refuge, Hakuma Horst, Kalapana, Puna District, Hawaii. Pacific Studies, 16: 133-142.
112. Kempe, S., Middleton, G., Addison, A., Toulkeridis, T. & Hoese, G., 2018. Genesis of pyroducts of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, 21-28 July, 2018, Lava Beds National Monument, California, USA. http://www.vulcanospeleology.org/sym18/Proceedings/Kempe_I.pdf [10.02.2021; 2 pp.]
113. Kempe, S. & Werner, M. S., 2003. The Kuka‘iau Cave, Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i, created by water erosion, a new Hawaiian cave type. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 65: 53-67.
114. Kerr, R. C., 2001. Thermal erosion by laminar lava flow. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 106: 26453-26465.
115. Kerr, R. C., 2009. Thermal erosion of felsic ground by the laminar flow of a basaltic lava, with application to the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 114 (B9), B09204. [14 pp.] https://doi. org/10.1029/2009JB006430
116. Keszthelyi, L., 1995. A preliminary thermal budget for lava tubes on the Earth and planets. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 100 (B10): 20411-20420.
117. Keszthelyi, L. & Self, S., 1998. Some physical requirements for the emplacement of long basaltic lava flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth,103 (B11): 27447-27464.
118. Keszthelyi, L., Jaeger, W., McEwen, A., Tornabene, L., Beyer, R. A., Dundas, C. & Milazzo, M., 2008. High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images of volcanic terrains from the first 6 months of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Primary Science Phase. Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, 13, E04005. [25 pp.] doi. org/10.1029/2007JE002968
119. Keszthelyi, L., McEwen, A. S., Phillips, C. B., Milazzo, M., Geissler, P., Turtle, E. P., Radebaugh, J., Williams, D. A., Simonelli, D. P., Breneman, H. H., Klaasen, K. P., Levanas, G. & Denk, T., 2001. Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission. Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, 106 (E12): 33025-33052.
120. Keszthelyi, L., Self, S. & Thordarson, Th., 1999. Application of recent studies on the emplacement of basaltic lava flows to the Deccan Traps. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 43: 485-520.
121. Kiernan, K. & Middleton, G., 2005. Groundwater movement and management in tube-fed lavas. In: Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Conference on Cave and Karst Management, 5-11 May, 2003, Chillagoe, North Queensland, Australia. pp. 40-45. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/10104/1/ scan_11%5B1%5D.pdf [10.02.2021]
122. Kiernan, K., Wood, C. & Middleton, G., 2003. Aquifer structure and contamination risk in lava flows: insights from Iceland and Australia. Environmental Geology, 43: 852-865.
123. La Plante, M., 1992. Recently Discovered Hawaiian Religious and Burial Caves. In: Rea, G. T. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, Hilo, HI, August 1991. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, pp. 7-9.
124. Lanzafame, G. & Ferlito, C., 2014. Degassing driving crystallization of plagioclase phenocrysts in lava tube stalactites on Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy). Lithos, 206: 338-347.
125. Larson, C. V., 1993. An Illustrated Glossary of Lava Tube Features. Charlie and Jo Larson, Vancouver, Washington, 56 pp.
126. Lavoie, K. H., Winter, A. S., Read, K. J. H., Hughes, E. M., Spilde, M. N. & Northup, D. E., 2017. Comparison of bacterial communities from lava cave microbial mats to overlying surface soils from Lava Beds National Monument, USA. PLOS One, 12 (2), e0169339. [27 pp.]. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0169339
127. Leone, G., 2014. A network of lava tubes as the origin of Labyrinthus Noctis and Valles Marineris on Mars. Volcanology and Geothermal ResearchJournal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 277: 1-8.
128. Léveillé, R. J. & Datta, S., 2010. Lava tubes and basaltic caves as astrobiological targets on Earth and Mars: a review. Planetary and Space Science, 58: 592-598.
129. Léveillé, R. J., Fyfe, W. S. & Longstaffe, F. J., 2000. Unusual secondary Ca-Mg-carbonate-kerolite deposits in basaltic caves, Kauai, Hawaii. The Journal of Geology, 108: 613-621.
130. Lockwood, J. P. & Hazlett, R. W., 2010. Volcanoes, a Global Perspective. John Wiley, Chichester, 624 pp.
131. Lowe, R. L., Kociolek, J. P. & Van De Vijver, B., 2013. Two new Orthoseira species (Bacillariophyceae) from lava tubes on Île Amsterdam and Big Island (Hawai'i). Phytotaxa, 111: 39-52.
132. Mattox, T. N. & Mangan, M. T., 1997. Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions; a case study of lava-seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 75: 1-17.
133. McFarlane, D. A., Lundberg, J. & Belton, F., 2004. An unusual lava cave from Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 66: 98-101.
134. McHale J. C., 2013. Lava Tube Modeling: A case Study of a Lava Tube along a Shore Platform in Lavericks Bay, New Zealand. http://frontiersabroad.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ McHale_Lava-Tube-Modeling.pdf [1.12.2020; 22 pp.].
135. McHenry, L. J., 2009. Unusual sulphate cave mineral deposits at craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho: Potential analogue for Meridiani Planum, Mars. In: 18th Annual Wisconsin Space Conference, The Hubble and beyond, 14-15August, 2008. (Green Bay, Wisconsin). Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/214103680_Unusual_sulfate_cave_mineral_deposits_at_Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_Idaho_Potential_analogue_for_Meridiani_Planum_Mars [10.02.2021; 10 pp.]
136. Miller, A. Z., García-Sánchez, A. M., Coutinho, M. L., Costa Pereira, M. F., Gázquez G., Calaforra, J. M., Forti, P., Martínez-Frías, J., Toulkeridis, T., Caldeira, A. T. & Saiz-Jimenez, C., 2020. Colored microbial coatings in show caves from the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador): First microbiological approach. Coatings, 10, 1134. [15 pp.]. doi:10.3390/coatings 10111134
137. Miller, A. Z., Pereira, M. F. C., Calaforra, J. M., Forti, P., Dionísio, A. & Saiz-Jimenez, C., 2014. Siliceous speleothems and associated microbe-mineral interactions from Ana Heva Lava Tube in Easter Island (Chile). Geomicrobiology Journal, 31: 236-245.
138. Miyamoto, H., Haruyama, J., Kobayashi, T., Suzuki, K., Okada, T., Nishibori, T., Showman, A. P., Lorenz, R., Mogi, K., Crown, D. A., Rodriguez, J. A. P., Rokugawa, S., Tokunaga, T. & Masumoto, M., 2005. Mapping the structure and depth of lava tubes using ground penetrating radar. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L21316. [5 pp.] doi:10.1029/2005GL024159, 2005
139. Modiriasari, A., Theinat, A., Bobet, A., Melosh, H., Dyke, S., Ramirez, J., Maghareh, A. & Gomez, D., 2018. Size and structural stability assessment of lunar lava tubes. In: 49th Lunar Planetary Science Conference, March 19-23, 2018, The Woodlands, TX, 49, 2860. [2 pp] https://www.pur- due.edu/reth/files/Papers/LPSC-Lava%20tube%20paper.pdf
140. Moya, M., Garcia, M. G., Spilde, M. N. & Northup, D. E., 2009. Composition of bacterial mats in El Malpais, National Monument, New Mexico, USA: comparison and contrasts with bacterial communities in Hawai‘i lava tubes. In: White, W. B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Speleology, Kerrville, Texas, 19-26 July, 2009. National Speleological Society, pp. 709-713.
141. Nádudvari, A., Abramowicz, A., Maniscalco, R. & Viccaro, M., 2020. The estimation of lava flow temperatures using Landsat Night-Time Images: Case studies from eruptions of Mt. Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy), Kilauea (Hawaii Island), and Eyjafjallajökull and Holuhraun (Iceland). Remote Sensing, 12, 2537. [26 pp.]
142. Nelson, C. E., Jerram, D. A., Hobbs, R. W., Terrington, R. & Kessler, H., 2011. Reconstructing flood basalt lava flows in three dimensions using terrestrial laser scanning. Geosphere, 7: 87-96.
143. Northup, D. E., Melim, L. A., Spilde, M. N., Hathaway, J. J. M., Garcia, M. G., Moya, M., Stone, F. D., Boston, P. J., Dapkevicius, M. E. N. L. & Riquelme, C., 2011. Lava cave microbial communities within mats and secondary mineral deposits: Implications for life detection on other planets. Astrobiology, 11: 601-618.
144. Parmenter, D. S., 2018. Ice and Guano Deposits in El Malpais Lava Tubes: Potential Paleoclimate Archives for the Southwest United States. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8135. [1.12.2020; 89 pp].
145. Pasquarè, G., Bistacchi, A., Francalanci, L., Bertotto, G. W., Boari, E., Massironi, M. & Rossotti, A., 2008. Very long pahoehoe inflated basaltic lava flows in the Payenia volcanic province (Mendoza and la Pampa, Argentina). Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 63: 131-149.
146. Paulo, A., 2009. Geology of the Easter Island. In: Ciszewski, A., Ryn, Z. J. & Szelerewicz, M. (eds), The Caves of Easter Island. Underground World of Rapa Nui. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland, pp. 74-78.
147. Pedersen, G. B. M., Höskuldsson, A., Dürig, T., Thordarson, T., Jonsdottir, I., Riishuus, M. S., Óskarsson, B. V., Dumont, S., Magnússon, E., Gudmundsson, M. T. & Sigmundsson, F., 2017. Lava field evolution and emplacement dynamics of the 2014-2015 basaltic fissure eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 340: 155-169.
148. Perkins, S., 2020. Core concept: Lava tubes may be havens for ancient alien life and future human explorers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117: 17461-17464.
149. Perçoiu, A. & Onac, B. P., 2019. Ice in caves. In: White, W. B., Culver, D. C. & Pipan, T. (eds), Encyclopedia of Caves. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 553-558.
150. Peterson, D. W. & Swanson, D. A., 1974. Observed formation of lava tubes during 1970-71 at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Studies in Speleology, 2: 209-222.
151. Peterson, D. W. & Tilling, R. I., 1980. Transition of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Field observations and key factors. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7: 271-293.
152. Peterson, D. W., Holcomb, R. T., Tilling, R. I. & Christiansen, R. L., 1994. Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56: 343-360.
153. Pinkerton, H., James, M. & Jones, A., 2002. Surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 113: 159-176.
154. Ramalho, R. S., Quartau, R., Trenhaile, A. S., Mitchell, N. C., Woodroffe, C. D. & Avila, S. P., 2013. Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: a complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production. Earth-Science Reviews, 127: 140-170.
155. Realmuto, V. J., Hon, K., Kahle, A. B., Abbott, E. A., & Pieri, D. C., 1992. Multispectral Thermal Infrared Mapping of the 1 October 1988 Kupaianaha flow field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 55: 33-44.
156. Riker, J. M., Cashman, K. V., Kauahikaua, J. P. & Montierth, C. M., 2009, The length of channelized lava flows: Insight from the 1859 eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai‘i. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 183: 139-156.
157. Riquelme, C., Hathaway, J. J. M., Dapkevicius, M. L. N. E., Miller, A. Z., Kooser, A., Northup, D. E., Jurado, V., Fernandez, O., Saiz-Jimenez, C. & Cheeptham, N., 2015. Actinobacterial diversity in volcanic caves and associated geomicrobiological interactions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1342 [16 pp.] https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01342
158. Rogers, K. L., Repenning, C. A., Luiszer, F. G. & Benson, R. D., 2000. Geologic history, stratigraphy, and paleontology of SAM Cave, north-central New Mexico. New Mexico Geology, 22: 89-117.
159. Rushforth, S. R., Kaczmarska, I. & Johansen, J. R., 1984. The subaerial diatom flora of Thurston Lava Tube, Hawaii. Bacillaria, 7: 135-157
160. Sakimoto, S. E. H., Crisp, J. & Baloga, S. M., 1997. Eruption constraints on tube-fed planetary lava flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets, 102 (E3): 6597-6614.
161. Sakimoto, S. E. H. & Zuber, M. T., 1998. Flow and convective cooling in lava tubes. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11): 27465-27487.
162. Sam, L., Bhardwaj, A., Singh, S., Martin-Torres, F. J., Zorzano, M-P. & Ramírez Luque, J. A., 2020. Small lava caves as possible exploratory targets on Mars: Analogies drawn from UAV imaging of an Icelandic lava field. Remote Sensing, 12, 1970. [30 pp.] doi:10.3390/rs12121970
163. Sauro, F., Pozzobon, R., Massironi, M., De Berardinis, P., Santagata, T. & De Waele. J., 2020. Lava tubes on Earth, Moon and Mars: A review on their size and morphology revealed by comparative planetology. Earth-Science Reviews, 209, 103288. [21 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103288
164. Schinella, E., O'Neill, C. & Afonso, J. C., 2011. Processes forming volcanic topography at Alta Regio, Venus. In: Cairns, I. & Short, W. (eds), Proceedings of the 10th Australian Space Science Conference, Brisbane, Australia. National Space Society of Australia Ltd., Sydney, pp. 105-118.
165. Schulze-Makuch, D., Schulze-Makuch, A. & Houtkooper, J. M., 2015. The Physical, chemical and physiological limits of life. Life, 5: 1472-1486.
166. Sen, B., Sabale, A. B. & Sukumaran, P. V., 2012. Lava channel of Khedrai Dam, northeast of Nasik in Western Deccan Volcanic Province: Detailed morphology and evidences of channel reactivation. Journal of Geological Society of India, 80: 314-328.
167. Shervais, J. W., Kauffman, J. D., Gillerman, V. S., Othberg, K. L., Vetter, S. K., Hobson, V. R., Zarnetske, M., Cooke, M. F., Matthews, S, H. & Hanan, B. B., 2005. Basaltic volcanism of the central and western Snake River Plain: A guide to field relations between Twin Falls and Mountain Home, Idaho. In: Pederson, J. & Dehler, C. M. (eds), Interior Western United States. Geological Society of America Field Guide 6, 26 pp.
168. Shick, H., 2012. Understanding Lava Tubes and Lava Caves. Kazumura Cave Tours. Keaau, HI, USA. Trafford, Victoria, British Columbia, 128 pp.
169. Siewert, J. & Ferlito, C., 2008. Mechanical erosion by flowing lava. Contemporary Physics, 49: 43-54.
170. Simons, J. W., 1998. Guano mining in Kenyan lava tunnel caves. International Journal of Speleology, 27: 33-51.
171. Sinoto, J. H., 1992. Hawaiian use of lava tube caves and shelters. In: Rea, G. T. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, August 1991, Hilo, HI, USA. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, pp. 3-6.
172. Sobczyk, M., 2009. Archaeological objects in the caves of Easter Island. In: Ciszewski, A., Ryn, Z. J. & Szelerewicz, M. (eds), The Caves of Easter Island. Underground World of Rapa Nui. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, pp. 87-93.
173. Spampinato, L. Calvari, S., Harris, A. J. L. & Dehn, J., 2008. Evolution of the Lava Flow Field by Daily Thermal and Visible Airborne Surveys. https://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/ 2122/4279/1/spampinato%20et%20al.%20%20AGU. pdf [6.02.2021; 27 pp.]
174. Spudis, P. D., Swann, G. A. & Greeley, R., 1988. The formation of Hadley Rille and implications for the geology of the Apollo 15 region. In: 18th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 16-20 March, 1987, Houston, TX, Proceedings A89-10851 01-91. Cambridge University Press/Lunar and Planetary Institute, Cambridge, UK, pp. 243-254. http://adsabs.harvard. edu/full/1988LPSC...18..243S [10.02.2021]
175. Teehera, K. B., Jungbluth, S. P., Onac, B. P., Acosta-Maeda, T. E., Hellebrand, E., Misra, A. K., Pflitsch, A., Rappé, M. S., Smith, S. M., Telus, M. & Schorghofer, N., 2018. Cryogenic minerals in Hawaiian lava tubes: A geochemical and microbiological exploration. Geomicrobiology Journal, 35: 227-241.
176. Theinat, A. K., Modiriasari, A., Bobet, A., Melosh, H. J., Dyke, S. J., Ramirez, J., Maghareh, A. & Gomez, D., 2020. Lunar lava tubes: Morphology to structural stability. Icarus, 338: 113442. [30 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113442
177. Tilling, R. I. & Peterson, D. W., 1993. Field observation of active lava in Hawaii: some practical considerations. In: Kilburn, C. & Luongo, G. (eds), Active Lavas: Monitoring and Modelling. UCL Press, London, pp. 147-174.
178. Turner, R. E. & Kunkel, R., 2017. Radiation environment inside a Lunar lava tube. In: 47th International Conference on Environmental System (ICES), 16-20 July, 2017, Charleston NC. ICES-2017-15. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/72863/ ICES_2017_ 15.pdf?sequence=1&the total depts=y [7 pp.]
179. Umino, S., Nonaka, M. & Kauahikaua, J., 2006. Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 Kupaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaimu Bay, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 69: 125-139.
180. Valerio, A., Tallarico, A. & Dragoni, M., 2011. Effects of the curvature of a lava channel on flow dynamics and crust formation. Geophysical Journal International, 187: 825-832.
181. Wagner, R. & Robinson, M., 2019. 3D modeling of Lunar pit walls from stereo images. In: 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019, LPI Contrib. No. 2132 poster. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/eposter/2138.pdf [10.02.2021; 1 p.]
182. Waichel, B., Tratz, E. B., Pietrobelli, G. & Barbosa da Silva, W., 2013. Lava tubes from the Paraná-Etendeka Continental Flood Basalt Province: Morphology and importance to emplacement models. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 48: 255-261.
183. Wantim, M., Kervyn, M., Ernst, G., Marmol, M., Suh, C. & Jacobs, P., 2013. Morphostructure of the 1982 lava flow field at Mount Cameroon Volcano, West-Central Africa. International Journal of Geosciences, 4: 564-583.
184. Whittaker, W., 2011. Technologies enabling exploration of skylights, lava tubes and caves. NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase I. Astrobotic Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa, 51 pp. https://www.nasa.gov.pdf/718393main_Whittaker_2011_PhI_Cave_Exploration.pdf [1.12.2020;].
185. Whittington, A. G., Sehlke, A. & Morrison, A. A., 2020. Tubular hells: new measurements of lunar magma rheology and thermal properties applied to thermal erosion and lava tube formation. In: 3rd International Planetary Caves 2020, St. Antonio, TX (LPI Contrib. No. 2197). https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/3rdcaves2020/pdf/1077.pdf [10.02.2021; 2 pp.]
186. Wilkens, H., Iliffe, T. M., Oromí, P., Martínez, A., Tysall, T. N. & Koenemann, S., 2009. The Corona lava tube, Lanzarote: geology, habitat diversity and biogeography. Marine Biodiversity, 39: 155-167.
187. Williams, D. A., Kadel, S. D., Greeley, R., Lesher, C. M. & Clynne, K. A., 2003. Erosion by flowing lava: geochemical evidence in the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bulletin of Volcanology, 66: 168-181.
188. Williams, D. A., Kerr, R. C. & Lesher, C. M., 1998. Emplacement and erosion by Archean komatiite lava flows at Kambalda: Revisited. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 103 (B11), 27533-27549.
189. Williams, D. A., Kerr, R. C. & Lesher, C. M., 1999. Thermal and fluid dynamics of komatiitic lavas associated with magmatic Ni-Cu- (PGE) sulphide deposits. In: Keays, R. R., Lesher, C. M., Lightfoot, P. C. & Farrow, C. E. G. (eds), Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their Application in Mineral Exploration. Geological Association of Canada. Short Courses Notes, 13: 367-412.
190. Williams, K. E., McKay, C. P., Toon, O. B. & Head, J. W., 2010. Do ice caves exist on Mars? Icarus, 209: 358-368.
191. Williams, K. E., Titus, T. N., Okubo, C. H. & Cushing, G. E., 2017. Martian cave air-movement via Helmholtz resonance. International Journal of Speleology, 46: 439-444.
192. Wise, C., 2014. Crack systems analysis of the McCartys Flow, New Mexico, USA. Senior Capstone Projects, Paper 302. http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu./senior_capstone/302. [30.01.2021; 52 pp.]
193. Witter, J. B. & Harris, A. J. L., 2007. Field measurements of heat loss from skylights and lava tube systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112, B01203 [21 pp.]. doi: 10.1029/2005JB003800
194. Zhao, J., Huang, J., Kraft, M. D., Xiao, L. & Jiang, Y., 2017. Ridge-like lava tube systems insoutheast Tharsis, Mars. Geomorphology, 295: 831-839.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-d6f4340a-21a9-49c8-981f-cd6bb58ff634