Tytuł artykułu
Treść / Zawartość
Pełne teksty:
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Przegląd strategii na rzecz zrównoważonej energii w Maroku
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The present paper exposes how Morocco’s population and economic expansion pose a challenge to its capacity to supply energy demand, especially given how the scarcity of fossil fuels and their high market price now and in the future develop and follow strategies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development. The effectiveness of this investment and the vast number of unexploited resources have led Morocco to aim for a new ambition of obtaining 52% of its energy demands from renewable sources, making it one of the world’s leaders with regard to renewable energies. This paper analyzes the large specter of renewable energy sources and their potential in Morocco, including solar, hydroelectric, tidal, wave, and geothermal energy sources, then identifies the barriers halting its growth, going from storing and transmitting to financing, followed by the comparative costs and benefits approach. It also assesses the country’s strategy for sustainable development, highlighting its financing, and then expands the scope of the research to explore other potential applications of renewable energy in the Kingdom, such as desalination and transportation, followed by providing a list of guidelines and recommendations on how the country can bypass the obstacles stopping it from harnessing and using these precious resources, The feasibility of these solutions were judged through a survey by the population which showed a very promising result.
Niniejszy artykuł ujawnia, w jaki sposób populacja Maroka i ekspansja gospodarcza stanowią wyzwanie dla jego zdolności do zaspokojenia zapotrzebowania na energię, zwłaszcza biorąc pod uwagę, jak niedobór paliw kopalnych i ich wysoka cena rynkowa obecnie i w przyszłości rozwijają się i podążają za strategiami osiągania celów zrównoważony rozwój. Efektywność tej inwestycji i ogromna liczba niewykorzystanych zasobów sprawiły, że Maroko postawiło sobie nowy cel, jakim jest uzyskanie 52% swojego zapotrzebowania na energię ze źródeł odnawialnych, co czyni go jednym ze światowych liderów w zakresie energii odnawialnej. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano szerokie spektrum odnawialnych źródeł energii i ich potencjał w Maroku, w tym źródła energii słonecznej, wodnej, pływowej, falowej i geotermalnej, a następnie zidentyfikowano bariery powstrzymujące jej rozwój, przechodząc od magazynowania i przesyłania do finansowania, a następnie porównawcze podejście kosztów i korzyści. W artykule oceniono również strategię kraju na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju, podkreślając jej finansowanie, a następnie rozszerzono zakres badań, aby zbadać inne potencjalne zastosowania energii odnawialnej w Królestwie, takie jak odsalanie i transport, a następnie podano listę wytycznych i zaleceń dotyczących tego, w jaki sposób kraj może ominąć przeszkody powstrzymujące go przed ujarzmieniem i wykorzystaniem tych cennych zasobów. Wykonalność tych rozwiązań została oceniona na podstawie ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród ludności, która dała bardzo obiecujący wynik.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
65--104
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 75 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
autor
- Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), School of Technology-Sale, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
autor
- London South Bank University, School of Built Environment and Architecture, London, UK
autor
- Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory (LGCE), Mohammadia Engineering School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
Bibliografia
- African Development Bank approves $300 m loan for Morocco renewable energy projects. Renewable Energy World, October 9, 2018.
- Ahmed et al. 2019 – Ahmed, M., Ali, M.N. and Memon, I.A. 2019. A review of wind energy potential in Sindh, Pakistan. AIP Conference Proceedings 2119, 020017, DOI: 10.1063/1.5115376.
- Allouhi et al. 2017 – Allouhi, A., Zamzoum, O., Islam, M.R., Saidur, R., Kousksou, T., Jamil, A. and Derouich, A. 2017. Evaluation of wind energy potential in Morocco’s coastal regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72, pp. 311–324, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.047.
- AMEE 2021. Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency (AMEE), activity report, pp. 37, 2021.
- American Wind Energy Association. Wind turbine maintenance, 2021.
- Ameur et al. 2019 – Ameur, A., Berrada, A., Loudiyi, K. and Aggour, M. 2019. Analysis of renewable energy integration into the transmission network. The Electricity Journal 32(10), DOI: 10.1016/j.tej.2019.106676.
- Ban et al. 2012 – Ban, M., Krajacic, G., Grozdek, M., Curko, T. and Duic, N. 2012. The role of cool thermal energy storage (CTES) in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and peak load reduction. Energy 48(1), pp. 108–117, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.070.
- Bennis, H. 2019. Energy Efficiency in Buildings in Morocco: Status and Challenges. [In:] International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICATSD) IEEE, pp. 1–6.
- Brazil, R. 2016. Lighting the Smart City. Engineering & Technology 11(5), pp. 34–37, DOI: 10.1049/et.2016.0502.
- Bryant, J. 2017. San Diego’s smart streetlights lead the way for connected cities. TechRepublic. [Online] https://www.techrepublic.com/article/san-diegos-smart-streetlights-lead-the-way-for-connected-cities/ [Accessed: 2023-04-20].
- Carcia, I. and Leidreiter, A. 2016. Roadmap for a 100% renewable energy Morocco (Feuille de route pour un Maroc 100% energie renouvelable). World Future Council (in French).
- Citroen et al. 2015 – Citroen, N., Ouassaid, M. and Maaroufi, M. 2015. Long Term Electricity Demand Forecasting Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model: Case Study of Morocco. 1st International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies ICEIT’2015, pp. 2–5, DOI: 10.1109/EITech.2015.7162950.
- Correia et al. 2017 – Correia, A., Rimi, A., Zarhloule, Y. and Carneiro, J. 2017. North-eastern Morocco: a high geothermal prospect. 15th Water-Rock Interaction International Symposium, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17, pp. 746–749.
- CTF Approves $50m Grant to Support Renewable Energy in Morocco. World Bank, January 22, 2020.
- DOE 2021. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Renewable energy cost analysis, 2021.
- Earthquaketrack tool for seismic database 2023.
- EIB 2021. The European Investment Bank (EIB), Southern neighbors projects, Morocco and the EIB.
- El Hadri et al. 2019 – El Hadri, Y., Khokhlov, V., Slizhe, M. and Sernytska, K. 2019. Wind energy land distribution in Morocco in 2021–2050 according to RCM simulation of CORDEX-Africa project. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, 753, DOI: 10.1007/s12517-019-4950-7.
- El Khchine et al. 2019 – El Khchine, Y., Sriti, M. and El Kadri Elyamani, N.E. 2019. Evaluation of wind energy potential and trends in Morocco. Heliyon 5(6), DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01830.
- Geronimo Energy community solar program 2018. [Online] https://nationalgridrenewables.com/ [Accessed: 2023-03-07].
- Ghaffour et al. 2015 – Ghaffour, N., Bundschuh, J., Mahmoudi, H. and Goosen, M.F.A. 2015. Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications of integrated systems. Desalination 356, pp. 94–114, DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.024.
- Global Wind Atlas the Geographic information system tool for weather data 2023.
- Hanger et al. 2016 – Hanger, S., Komendantova, N., Schinke, B., Zejli, D., Ihlal, A. and Patt, A. 2016. Community acceptance of large-scale solar energy installations in developing countries: evidence from Morocco. Energy Research & Social Science 14, pp. 80–89, DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2016.01.010.
- Haouraji et al. 2020 – Haouraji, C., Mounir, B., Mounir, I. and Farchi, A. 2020. A correlative approach, combining energy consumption, urbanization and GDP, for modeling and forecasting Morocco’s residential energy consumption. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 11, pp. 163–176.
- Honcharuk et al. 2023 – Honcharuk, I., Tokarchuk, D., Gontaruk, Y. and Hreshchuk, H. 2023. Bioenergy recycling of household solid waste as a direction for ensuring sustainable development of rural areas. Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 26(1), pp. 23–42, DOI: 10.33223/epj/161467.
- IFC 2016. IFC Provides $150 Million Loan to Support World’s Largest Concentrated Solar Power Plant in Morocco” – Press release from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), January 28, 2016.
- Integrated Solar Energy Generation Project, Kingdom of Morocco. [Online] www.one.org.ma [Accessed: 2023-04-05].
- IRENA... Renewable Energy Financing in Morocco: A Legal and Regulatory Analysis” by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
- IRENA 2012. Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series, June 2012, Hydropower, Volume 1: Power Sector.
- IRENA 2016. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Renewable Energy and Jobs in Morocco. o.
- IRENA 2020. International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA) 2020. Renewable power generation costs in 2019.
- IRENA and AfDB 2022. Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Africa and Its Regions, International Renewable Energy Agency and African Development Bank, Abu Dhabi and Abidjan.
- Kousksou et al. 2015 – Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Belattar, M., Jamil, A., El Rhafiki, T., Arid, A. and Zeraouli, Y. 2015. Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47, pp. 46–57, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
- Kumar et al. 2023 – Kumar, C.M.S., Singh, S., Gupta, M.K., Nimdeo, Y.M., Raushan, R., Deorankar, A.V., Kumar, T.M.A., Rout, P.K., Chanotiya, C.S., Pakhale, V.D. and Nannaware, A.D. 2023. Solar energy: A promising renewable source for meeting energy demand in Indian agriculture applications. Sustainable Energy Technologies, and Assessments 55, DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102905.
- Mamalyga, V. 2022. LED lamps – are they inexpensive and effective? Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 25(3), pp. 133–150, DOI: 10.33223/epj/152591.
- Mana et al. 2021 – Mana, A.A., Allouhi, A., Ouazzani, K. and Jamil, A. 2021. Feasibility of agriculture biomass power generation in Morocco: Techno-economic analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 295, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126293.
- Martirano, L. 2011. A smart lighting control to save energy. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications, IDAACS 2011, Prague, Czech Republic, DOI: 10.1109/IDAACS.2011.6072726.
- MASEN 2020. Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN) secures $4.3bn financing for Noor Midelt solar power complex. Renewable Energy World, January 8, 2018. [Online] https://www.masen. ma/ [Accessed: 2023-03-21].
- Megalingam, R.K. and Gedela, V.V. 2017. Solar powered automated water pumping system for eco-friendly irrigation. 2017 International Conference on Inventive Computing and Informatics (ICICI), Coimbatore, India, pp. 623–626, DOI: 10.1109/ICICI.2017.8365208.
- Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Sustainable Development. Moroccan Renewable Energy Strategy (MRES) 2016.
- Moroccan Agency of Sustainable Energy; Morocco’s Renewable Energy Potential. [Online] https://www.masen.ma/ [Accessed: 2023-03-21].
- Moroccan Ministry of Agriculture. Irrigation in Morocco, Report 2022.
- Moroccan Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development, Energy efficiency in public lighting.
- MRGCD 2023. Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD) 2023. Water measurements. [Online] https://www.mrgcd.com/water-measurements [Accessed: 2023-03-21].
- Naimi et al. 2016 – Naimi, Y., Saghir, M., Cherqaoui, A. and Chatre, B. 2016. Energetic recovery of biomass in the region of Rabat, Morocco. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42(2), pp. 1396–1402, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.055.
- Nait Mensour et al. 2019 – Nait Mensour, O., El Ghazzani, B., Hlimi, B. and Ihlal, A. 2019. A geographical information system-based multi-criteria method for the evaluation of solar farms locations: A case study in Souss-Massa area, southern Morocco. Energy 182, pp. 900–919, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy. 2019.06.063.
- NASA—Goddard Space Flight Center 2015. NASA—Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Scientific Visualization Studio; Television Production NASA-TV/GSFC).
- ONEE 2021a. National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE) 2021. Activity Report, pp. 34–35.
- ONEE 2021b. National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE) – Electric energy.
- ONEE 2022. National Office for Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), DTI, Engineering Division, Desalination in Morocco, 2022.
- Ospina, C. 2017. How Energy Storage Can Pave the Way for Renewable Energy Adoption. Climate Institute. [Online] https://climate.org/how-energy-storage-can-pave-the-way-for-renewable-energy-adoption/ [Accessed: 2023-03-21].
- Our World in Data based on BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022. Ember’s Global and European Electricity Reviews (2022).
- Ozgener et al. 2004 – Ozgener, O., Ulgen, K. and Hepbasli, A. 2004. Wind and wave power potential. Energy Sources 26(9), pp. 891–901, DOI: 10.1080/00908310490465948.
- Rajat et al. 2020 – Rajat, V., Kumar, N. and Sharma, M. 2020. Smart Street Lights to Reduce Death Rates from Road Accidents. [In:] Gunjan, V.K., Zurada, J.M. (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Trends in Machine Learning, IoT, Smart Cities and Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1245, pp. 795–809, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7234-0_75.
- Ray, R. 2023. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, JPL, Scientific Visualization Studio, Television Production NASA-TV/GSFC, « TOPEX/Poseidon: Revealing Hidden Tidal Energy 2023.
- Re-explorer Geospatial analysis... 2023. Re-explorer Geospatial analysis tool for analyzing resources potential. [Online] https://www.re-explorer.org/ [Accessed: 2023-03-07].
- Relloso, S. and Gutiérrez, Y. 2017. SENER molten salt tower technology. Ouarzazate NOOR III case. AIP Conference Proceedings 1850(1):030041, DOI: 10.1063/1.4984384.
- S.S.-Saudi Business Council, Solar-Powered Desalination, Al Khafji, January 2021.
- Sierra et al. 2016 – Sierra, J.P., Martín, C., Mösso, C., Mestres, M. and Jebbad, R. 2016. Wave energy potential along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Renewable Energy 96(A), pp. 20–32, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.071.
- Smith et al. 2016 – Smith, J., Williams, A. and Jones, R. 2016. The impact of wind turbine height on power generation. Energy 98, pp.774–780.
- Šimelytė, A. 2019. Promotion of renewable energy in Morocco. Energy Transformation Towards Sustainability, pp. 249–287, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817688-7.00013-6.
- The International Trade Administration, Morocco’s Agricultural Sector, November 2022.
- The Ministry of Energy Transition 2022. Value of electricity production projects in Morocco. Report activity, 2022.
- The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment and Transport, Department of Equipment Transport and Logistics, Department of Strategy Programs and Transport Coordination, Division of Strategic Studies, National Statistics Service, pp. 8–15, 2018.
- The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Moroccan Pavillion at COP22, 2016.
- Tiwari et al. 2017 – Tiwari, P., Manas, M., Pidanic, J., Nemec, Z., Dolecek, R., Mahanta, P. and Trivedi, G. 2017. A review on microgrid based on hybrid renewable energy sources in South-Asian perspective. Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy 2(10), pp. 1–16, DOI: 10.1007/s40866-017-0026-5.
- Tolar Saves Lives campaign. [Online] https://irecusa.org/solar-saves-lives/ [Accessed: 2023-03-07].
- United Nations. World Population Prospects 2019.
- USDA 2015. United States Department of Agriculture. USDA and Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District Celebrate Completion of Solar-Powered Irrigation System in New Mexico (2015).
- World Bank. Morocco: Desalination expansion to meet growing demand for water. January 28, 2020.
- World Bank. Morocco: Strengthening the Resilience of Agriculture and Rural Development (2017).
- World Bank Approves $500 Million Loan to Support Renewable Energy in Morocco. World Bank, January 8, 2019.
- World Bank Group, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). Morocco’s technical potential of offshore wind; May, 2020.
- Younesi et al. 2020 – Younesi, A., Shayeghi, H., Safari, A. and Siano, P. 2020. Assessing the resilience of multi microgrid based widespread power systems against natural disasters using Monte Carlo Simulation. Energy 207, DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118220.
- Zikali et al. 2022 – Zikali, N.M., Chingoto, R.M., Utete, B. and Kunedzimwe, F. 2022. Household solid waste handling practices and recycling value for integrated solid waste management in a developing city in Zimbabwe. Scientific African 16, DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01150.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-d28bfadb-3578-4c88-95ea-d237e20e5019