Rheological Properties of DNAN/HMX Melt-cast Explosives : Maximum Packing Density Calculation and Modified Viscosity Model

• Autorzy: Meng Jun-jiong , Luo Yi-ming , Wang Wei , Jiang Qiu-li , Wang Hong-xing , Miao Fei-chao

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.22211/cejem/154975

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The study of suspensions with high solid content and low viscosity has become a very active topic for melt-cast explosives, for both research and industry. Previous studies have described how the viscosity of high-solid-content suspensions can be decreased by optimizing the grade ratio, that is, increasing the particle packing density. This paper numerically simulates the maximum packing density (Φ_m) for different grade ratios at which the suspension viscosity approaches infinity, using the overlapping discrete element cluster method. According to this method, the shape of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) particles was modeled as a group of overlapping, rigidly connected hard spheres. The results showed that the numerical simulation value can be used as the real value of Φ_m for any grade ratio in engineering applications. The rheological properties of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)/HMX suspensions with various grade ratios of three HMX samples with different d₅₀ values were investigated using a rotational viscometer over a range of mass solids content (ϕ = 20-75 wt.%) in the shear rate range of 0.1-100 s⁻¹. An empirical model incorporating the reduced solid content (Φ, equal to ϕ divided by Φ_m) and shear rate (γ) was modified to predict the relative viscosity of DNAN/HMX suspensions. This modified model has a strong correlation with the experimental data and can be used to accurately predict the viscosity of DNAN/HMX suspensions. In addition, the applicability of different classical models to DNAN/HMX suspensions is discussed.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

2,4-dinitroanisole; DNAN; grade ratio; maximum packing density; rheological properties; empirical model

• Wydawca: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
• Czasopismo: Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 19, no. 3
• Strony: 326--359
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 43 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Meng Jun-jiong

• Composite Explosive Research Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China

autor

Luo Yi-ming

• Composite Explosive Research Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China

autor

Wang Wei

• Composite Explosive Research Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China

autor

Jiang Qiu-li

• Composite Explosive Research Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China

autor

Wang Hong-xing

• Composite Explosive Research Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China

autor

Miao Fei-chao

• School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Bibliografia

• [1] Ravi, P.; Badgujar, D.M.; Gore, G.M.; Tewari, S.P; Sikder, A.K. Review on Melt Cast Explosives. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2011, 36(5): 393-403; DOI: 10.1002/prep.201100047.
• [2] Boddu, V.M.; Abburi, K.; Maloney, S.W.; Damavarapu, R. Thermophysical Properties of an Insensitive Munitions Compound, 2, 4-Dinitroanisole. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2008, 53(5): 1120-1125; DOI: 10.1021/je7006764.
• [3] Taylor, S.; Ringelberg, D.B.; Dontsova, K.; Daghlian, C.P.; Walsh, M.E.; Walsh, M.R. Insights Into the Dissolution and the Three-dimensional Structure of Insensitive Munitions Formulations. Chemosphere 2013, 93(9): 1782-1788; DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.011.
• [4] Provatas, A.; Wall, C. Ageing of Australian DNAN Based Melt-cast Insensitive Explosives. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2016, 41(3): 555-561; DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500315.
• [5] Nevstad, G.O. Fragmentation of 40 mm Shell with 6 Different Compositions ‒4 melt Cast and 2 Press Filled. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Report FFI-rapport-2015/02324, 2015.
• [6] Xu, G.G.; Xu, J.P. Rheological Properties of TNT/RDX Suspensions. (in Chinese) Acta Armamentarii 1991, 2: 71-74.
• [7] Brousseau, P.; Thiboutot, S.; Ampleman, G. Behaviour of CL-20 in TNT-based Explosives. Proc. 38^th Int. Annu. Conf. Fraunhofer ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2007.
• [8] Joshi, V.S.; Vadali, S.; Wasnik, R.D.; Jangid, S.K.; Maurya, M. Studies on Rheological Properties and Process Parameters of TNT Based Castable High Explosive Compositions. Sci. Technol. Energ. Mater. 2017, 78(4): 87-92.
• [9] Singh, B.; Kaushik, D.R. Spheroidization of RDX and Its Effect on the Pourability of RDX/TNT Slurries. Def. Sci. J. 1989, 39(1): 95-98.
• [10] Guillemin, J.P.; Brunet, L.; Bonnefoy, O.; Thomas, G. A Flow Time Model for Melt-cast Insensitive Explosive Process. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2007, 32(3): 261-266; DOI: 10.1002/prep.200700028.
• [11] Billon, H.H.; Parry, M.A. The Viscosity of TATB Types A and B Suspensions in Molten TNT: General Characteristics. Australia Materials Research Labs Ascot Vale, Report MRL-TR-91-24, 1991.
• [12] Guillemin, J.P.; Menard, Y.; Brunet, L.; Bonnefoy, O.; Thomas, G. Development of a New Mixing Rheometer for Studying Rheological Behaviour of Concentrated Energetic Suspensions. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 2008, 151(1-3): 136-144; DOI: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.12.007.
• [13] Sarangapani, R.; Ramavat, V.; Reddy, S.; Subramanian, P.; Sikder, A.K. Rheology Studies of NTO-TNT Based Melt-cast Dispersions and Influence of Particle-dispersant Interactions. Powder Technol. 2015, 273: 118-124; DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.013.
• [14] Parry, M.A.; Billon, H.H. A Note on the Coefficient of Viscosity of Pure Molten 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Rheol. Acta. 1988, 27(6): 661-663.
• [15] Zerkle, D.K.; Núñez, M.P.; Zucker, J.M. Molten Composition B Viscosity at Elevated Temperature. J. Energ. Mater. 2016, 34(4): 368-383; DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2015.1102179.
• [16] Pelletier, P.; Laroche, I.; Lavigne, D.; Cantin, F.; Brousseau, P.; Fung, V. Processing Studies of DNAN Based Melt-pour Explosive Formulations. Proc. Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symp., Tucson, AZ, USA, 2009.
• [17] Fung, V.; Ervin, M.; Alexander, B.; Patel, C.; Samuels, P. Development and Manufacture of an Insensitive Composition B Replacement Explosive IMX-104 for Mortar Applications. Proc. Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symp., Munich, Germany, 2010.
• [18] Johansen, Ø.H.; Nevstad, G.O.; Gjersøe, R.; Berg, A.; Granby, T.; Ødegaard, M. Insensitive Munitions-development and Qualification of New Melt-cast Formulations. Proc. Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symp., Nashville, TN, USA, 2016.
• [19] Davies, P.J.; Provatas, A. Characterisation of 2,4-Dinitroanisole: An Ingredient for Use in Low Sensitivity Melt Cast Formulations. Australia Defense Science and Technology Organization, Report DSTO-TR-1904, 2006.
• [20] Meng, J.J.; Zhou, L.; Jin, D.Y.; Cao, S.T.; Wang, Q.H. Rheological Properties of DNAN/HMX Melt-cast Explosives. Chin. J. Energ. Mater. 2018, 26(8): 677-685.
• [21] Zhu, D.L; Zhou, L.; Zhang, X.R. Rheological Behavior of DNAN/HMX MeltCast Explosives. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2019, 44(12): 1583-1589; DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900117.
• [22] Senapati, P.K.; Mishra, B.K.; Parida, A. Modeling of Viscosity for Power Plant Ash Slurry at Higher Concentrations: Effect of Solids Volume Fraction, Particle Size and Hydrodynamic Interactions. Powder Technol. 2010, 197(1-2): 1-8; DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2009.07.005.
• [23] Farris, R.J. Prediction of the Viscosity of Multimodal Suspensions from Unimodal Viscosity Data. Trans. Soc. Rheol. 1968, 12(1): 281-301.
• [24] Larrard, F.D.; Sedran, T. Mixture-proportioning of High-performance Concrete. Cem.Concr. Res. 2002, 32(11): 1699-1704; DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00861-X.
• [25] Cundall, P.A.; Strack, O.L. A Discrete Numerical Model for Granular Assemblies. Geotechnique 1979, 29(1): 47-65; DOI: 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47.
• [26] Bowman, E.T.; Soga, K.; Drummond, W. Particle Shape Characterization Using Fourier Descriptor Analysis. Geotechnique 2001, 51(6): 545-554; DOI: 10.1680/geot.2001.51.6.545.
• [27] Cho, G.-C.; Dodds, J.; Santamarina, J.C. Particle Shape Effects on Packing Density, Stiffness, and Strength: Natural and Crushed Sands. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 2006, 132(5): 591-602; DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5(591).
• [28] Ashmawy, A.K.; Sukumaran, B.; Hoang, A.V. Evaluating the Influence of Particle Shape on Liquefaction Behavior Using Discrete Element Method. Proc. 13^th Int. Offshore Polar Engineering Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2003.
• [29] Taghavi, R. Automatic Clump Generation Based on Mid-surface. Proc. 2^nd Int. FLAC/DEM Symp., Melbourne, Australia, 2011.
• [30] Cavendish, J.C.; Field, D.A.; Frey, W.H. An Approach to Automatic Three Dimensional Finite-Element Mesh Generation. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 1985, 8: 329-347; DOI: 10.1002/nme.1620210210.
• [31] Kim, J.H.; Kim, H.G.; Lee, B.C.; Im, S. Adaptive Mesh Generation by Bubble Packing Method. Struct. Eng. Mech. 2003, 15(1): 135-149.
• [32] Hoffman, R.L. Explanations for the Cause of Shear Thickening in Concentrated Colloidal Suspensions. J. Rheol. 1998, 42(1): 111-123; DOI: 10.1122/1.550884.
• [33] Stickel, J.J.; Powell, R.L. Fluid Mechanics and Rheology of Dense Suspensions. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 2005, 37(1): 129-149; DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122132.
• [34] Servais, C.; Jones, R.; Roberts, I. The Influence of Particle Size Distribution on the Processing of Food. J. Food. Eng. 2002, 51(3): 201-208; DOI: 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00056-5.
• [35] McGeary, R.K. Mechanical Packing of Spherical Particles. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1961, 44(10): 513-522; DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1961.tb13716.x.
• [36] Lee, D.I. Packing of Spheres and Its Effect on the Viscosity of Suspensions. J. Paint Techno. 1970, 42(550): 579-584.
• [37] Metzner, A.B. Rheology of Suspensions in Polymeric Liquids. J. Rheol. 1985, 29(6): 739-775; DOI: 10.1122/1.549808.
• [38] Maron, S.H.; Pierce, P.E. Application of Ree-Eyring Generalized Flow Theory to Suspensions of Spherical Particle. J. Colloid. Sci. 1956, 11(1): 80-95; DOI: 10.1016/0095-8522(56)90023-X.
• [39] Eilers, H. The Viscosity-Concentration Dependence of Colloidal Systems in Organic Solvents. (in German) Kolloid-Zeitschrift. 1943, 102(2): 154-169.
• [40] Krieger, I.M.; Dougherty, T.J. A Mechanism for Non-Newtonian Flow in Suspensions of Rigid Spheres. Trans. Soc. Rheol. 1959, 3(1): 137-152; DOI: 10.1122/1.548848.
• [41] Chong, J.S.; Christiansen, E.B.; Baer, A.D. Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1971, 15(8): 2007-2021; DOI: 10.1002/app.1971.070150818.
• [42] Nzihou, A.; Attias, L.; Sharrock, P.; Ricard, A. A Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Study of Bone Cement – from a Suspension to a Solid Biomaterial. Powder Technol. 1998, 99(1): 60-69; DOI: 10.1016/S0032-5910(98)00091-6.
• [43] Liu, D.-M. Particle Packing and Rheological Property of Highly-concentrated Ceramic Suspensions: φ_m Determination and Viscosity Prediction. J. Mater. Sci. 2000, 35(21): 5503-5507; DOI: 10.1023/A:1004885432221.