Relief visualization techniques using free and open source GIS tools

• Autorzy: Tzvetkov J.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/pcr-2018-0004

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The aim of the article is to present different relief visualization techniques created using only free and open source GIS tools, such as QGIS and RVT. The criteria for selection of these techniques are that they should be, on the one hand, simple and fast for implementation and on the other suitable for multiple visualization purposes. Here we present several techniques which combine hillshade with other relief data layers derived from DEM and an assessment of advantages and disadvantages of their visualization.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

relief visualization; cartography; GIS; open source software; QGIS

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polish Cartographical Review
• Rocznik: 2018
• Tom: Vol. 50, No. 2
• Strony: 61--71
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 44 poz., mapy, tab.

Twórcy

autor

Tzvetkov J.

• Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Space Research and Technology Institute Sofia, Bulgaria

Bibliografia

• Beardsworth J., 2005, Photoshop Blending Modes Cookbook for Digital Photographers. Cambridge: Ilex.
• Bennett R., 2011, Archaeological Remote Sensing: Visualization and Analysis of Grass-Dominated Environments Using Airborne Laser Scanning and Digital Spectra Data. Ph.D. Thesis. Bournemouth University.
• Biland J., Çöltekin A., 2016, An empirical assessment of the impact of the light direction on the relief inversion effect in shaded relief maps: NNW is better than NW. “Cartography and Geographic Information Science” Vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 358−372.
• Brown L., 2014, Texture shading: a new technique for depicting terrain relief. “Banff 2014: Papers and Slide Presentations. 9th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 22−26 April, 2014”. Banff, Canada, pp. 1−14. www.mountaincartography.org/activities/workshops/banff_canada/papers/brown.pdf
• Bruy A., Svidzinska D., 2015, QGIS by Example. Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
• Chiba T., Kaneta S., Suzuki Y., 2008, Red relief image map: new visualization method for three dimensional data. “The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences” Vol. 37, Part B2, Beijing, pp. 1071−1076.
• Chiba T., Hasi B., 2016, Ground surface visualization using red relief image map for a variety of map scales. “The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences” Vol. XLI-B2. XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12−19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 393–397.
• Devereux B., Amable G., Crow P., 2008, Visualization of LiDAR terrain models for archaeological feature detection. “Antiquity” Vol. 82, no. 316, pp. 470−479.
• Doneus M., 2013, Openness as a visualization technique for interpretative mapping of airborne LiDAR derived digital terrain models. “Remote Sensing” Vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 6427−6442.
• Doneus M., Kühteiber T., 2013, Airborne laser scanning and archaeological interpretation – bringing back the people. In: Opitz R., Cowley D. Interpreting Archaeological Topography: Lasers, 3D Data, Visualisation and Observation. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 32−50.
• Drachal J., 2017, Combined shading used for small scale photographic maps. “Unbounded Mapping of Mountains. Proceedings of the 10th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 26−30 April 2016”. Berchtesgaden, Germany, pp. 55−64.
• Eastmead S., 2017, Use of QGIS Geographical Information System in Basic Field Archaeology and LiDAR Processing (Ed. 1, rev. 4, from 05.03.2018). E-book: https://eastmead.com/QGIS-LIDAR.htm
• Graser A., Meams B., Mandel A., Olaya V., Bruy A., 2017, QGIS: Becoming a GIS Power User. Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
• Hobbs K., 1995, The rendering of relief images from digital contour data. “The Cartographic Journal” Vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 111−116.
• Hobbs K., 1999, An investigation of RGB multi-band shading for relief visualisation. “International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation” Vol. 1, no. 3/4, pp. 181−186.
• Horn B., 1981, Hill shading and the reflectance map. “Proceedings of the IEEE” Vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 14−47.
• Howarth J., 2017, Design patterns of naturalistic shaded relief for large-format maps with high-resolution data. “Unbounded Mapping of Mountains, Proceedings of the 10th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 26–30 April 2016”. Berchtesgaden, Germany, pp. 215–231.
• Hurni L., 2008, Cartographic mountain relief representation. 150 years of tradition and progress at ETH Zurich. “Mountain Mapping and Visualization, Proceedings of the 6th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 11−15 February 2008”. Lenk, Switzerland, pp. 85−91.
• Imhof E., 1982, Cartographic Relief Presentation. Berlin, N. Y.: Walter de Gruyter.
• Inomata T., Pinzón F., Ranchos J.L., Haraguchi T., Nasu H., Fernandez-Diaz J.C., Aoyama K., Yonenobu H., 2017, Archaeological application of airborne LiDAR with object-based vegetation classification and visualization techniques at the lowland Maya site of Ceibal, Guatemala. “Remote Sensing” Vol. 9, pp. 1−27.
• Jenny B., 2001, An interactive approach to analytical relief shading. “Cartographica” Vol. 38, no. 1-2, pp. 67−75.
• Jenny B., Hurni L., 2006, Swiss-style colour relief shading modulated by elevation and by exposure to illumination. “The Cartographic Journal” Vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 198−207.
• Kennelly P., Stewart J., 2006, A uniform sky model to enhance shading of terrain and urban elevation models. “Cartography and Geographic Information Science” Vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 21−36.
• Kennelly P., 2008, Terrain maps displaying hill-shading with curvature. “Geomorphology” Vol. 102, pp. 567−577.
• Kokalj Ž., Zakšek K., Oštir K., 2011, Application of sky-view factor for the visualization of historic landscape features in Lidar-derived relief models. “Antiquity” Vol. 85, No. 327, pp. 263–273.
• Kokalj Ž., Hesse R., 2017, Airborne Laser Scanning Raster Data Visualization: A Guide to Good Practice. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. E-book: http://zalozba.zrc-sazu.si/p/P14
• Loisios T., Tzelepis N., Nakos B., 2007, A methodology for creating analytical hill-shading by combining different lighting directions. “ICA-CMC Session”, Russia, Moscow, pp. 1−10. http://www.mountaincartography.org/publications/papers/ica_cmc_sessions/5_Moscow_Session_Mountain_Carto/moscow_loisios.pdf
• Mark R., 1992, A multidirectional, oblique-weighted, shaded relief image of the Island of Hawaii. USGS Numbered Series, Open-File Report 92-422, pp. 1−5. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr92422
• Marson B., Jenny B., 2015, Improving the representation of major landforms in analytical relief shading. “International Journal of Geographical Information Science” Vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1144−1165.
• Menke K., Smith R., Pirelli L., Van Hoesen J., 2015, Mastering QGIS. Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
• Nagi R., Buckley A., 2013, The NAGI fusion method: A new technique to integrate color and grayscale raster layers. “Mapping Mountain Dynamics: From Glaciers to Volcanoes, Proceedings of the 8th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 1−5 September 2012”. Taurewa, New Zealand. CartoPRESS, pp. 39−47.
• Patterson T., 2014, Enhancing shaded relief with terrain texture shader. “Banff2014: Papers and Presentations. 9th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 22−26 April, 2014”. Banff, Canada, pp. 1−10. www. mountaincartography.org/activities/workshops/banff_canada/papers/patterson.pdf
• Podobnikar T., 2012, Multidirectional visibility index for analytical hillshading enhancement. “The Cartographic Journal” Vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 195−207.
• Rusinkiewicz S., Burns M., DeCarlo D., 2006, Exaggerated shading for depicting shape and detail. “ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH)” Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1199−1205. http://gfx.cs.princeton.edu/pubs/Rusinkiewicz_2006_ESF/index.php
• Siwek J., Wacławik W., 2015, Can analytical shading be art? “Polish Cartographical Review” Vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 121−135.
• Štular B., Kokalj Ž., Oštir K., Nuninger L., 2012, Visualization of lidar-derived relief models for detection of archaeological features. “Journal of Archaeological Science” Vol. 39, pp. 3354−3360.
• Valentine S., 2012, The Hidden Power of Blend Modes in Adobe Photoshop. Berkeley: Adobe Press.
• Veronesi F., Hurni L., 2014, Changing the light azimuth in shaded relief representation by clustering aspect. “The Cartographical Journal” Vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 291−300.
• Veronesi F., Hurni L., 2015, A GIS tool to increase the visual quality of relief shading by automatically changing the light direction. “Computers and Geosciences” Vol. 74, pp. 121−127.
• Viljoen D., Harris J., 2006, Saturation and value modulation (SVM): A new method for integrating color and grey-scale imagery. “Digital Mapping Techniques ‘06 − Workshop Proceedings, 11−14 June 2006”. Columbus, Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007−1285, pp. 87−100. https:// pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1285/contents.html
• Zakšek K., Oštir K., Kokalj Ž., 2011, Sky-view factor as a relief visualization technique. “Remote Sensing” Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 398−415.
• Internet sources
• Jenny B., Räber S., 2002, Relief Shading. Zürich, Institute of Cartography, ETH. http://www.reliefshading.com/
• Kennelly P., 2017, Terrain representation. Wilson J.P. (ed.). The Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge. (4th Quarter 2017 Edition). https://gistbok.ucgis.org/bok-topics/terrain-representation
• Patterson T., 2002, Shaded Relief. http://www.shadedrelief.com/