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Two water quality indices (WQI) were applied in the Tigris River using thirteen water quality parameters (pH, chlorides, sulfate, nitrate, salts, BOD5, iron, boron, zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium) in this study. They were calculated for the six years from 2008 to 2013 and then compared with sets of standard values of river maintaining systems. The results indicated that the water quality of the Tigris River for CCME-WQI was generally "Fair" to "Good" in 2008, 2009, and 2010 (CCME WQI range: 69.67–88.46) for all sites. CCME WQI values fell from "Marginal" to "Fair" in all sites over the last two years (2012 and 2013). WPI was "pure" to "Moderately polluted" from 2008–2011 (WPI range: 0.63–1.55) for all sites. Whereas, WPI values dropped to ranging from "Moderately polluted" to "polluted" (WPI range: 1.15–2.39) in all sites in 2012 and 2013. The effect of various human activities and dryness were evident on some parameters such as the heavy metals, Sulfate, Chlorides, Salts and Nitrate. Where their concentrations exceeded the permissible limits of the river maintaining system in most of the sites, and thus were the reason for the decline in the values of the indices. So, the monitoring of the Tigris River is important for proper management and for preserving this important water source.
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177--184
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Bibliogr. 31 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- College of Environmental Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq
autor
- Environment Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
autor
- Environment Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
autor
- Biology Department, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Bibliografia
- 1. Abed, A.N., Al-Kindi, G.Y., Hussain T.A. 2021. Assessment of the Water Quality Index of the Tigris River between the University of Baghdad and Diyala River. Eng. Technol. J., 39(3), 512–519. DOI: 10.30684/etj.v39i3A.1392
- 2. Abed, I.F., Nashaat, M.R. 2018. Interactions between the ecological dejiala river properties, Southern Iraq,” Iraqi J. Sci., 59(2), 1026–1040. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/413
- 3. Al-Azawii, L.H.A., Nashaat, M.R., Muftin, F. S. 2108. Assessing the effects of Al-Rasheed electrical power plant on the quality of Tigris River, Southern of Baghdad by Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). Iraqi J. Sci., 59(3A), 1162–1168. DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2018.59.3A.2
- 4. Al-Bahathy, I.A., Nashaat, M.R. 2021. Impact of Hindiya Dam on Rotifera Community of Euphrates River on the Northern of Babil Governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 62(9), 2872–2886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.9.4
- 5. Al-Hussaini, S.N.H., Al-Obaidy, A.H.M.J., Al-Mashhady, A.A.M. 2018. Environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution of Diyala River within Baghdad City. Appl. Water Sci., 8(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201–018–0707–9
- 6. Al-Janabi, Z.Z., Shahed, R.Z., AlHassany, J.S., Al-Obaidy, Abdul Hameed, M.J., Awad, E.S., Maktoof, A.A. 2019. Geochemical Evaluation of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, and Mn) in Sediment of Shatt Al-Basrah, Iraq. Eng. Technol. J., 37(2), 237–241. DOI: 10.30684/etj.37.2C.6
- 7. Aljanabi, Z.Z., Al-Obaidy, A.H.M.J., Hassan, F.M. 2021. brief review of water quality indices and their applications, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 779: 012088. DOI: 10.1088/1755–1315/779/1/012088
- 8. Aljanabi, Z.Z., Hassan, F.M., Al-Obaid, A.H.M.J. 2020. Heavy metals pollution profiles in Tigris River within Baghdad city. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1088, 012008. DOI: 10.1088/1755–1315/1088/1/012008
- 9. Al-Mayah, W.T., Al-Mayyahi, S.O.M., Al-Shammary S.H. 2021. Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): A case study of the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 779(1), 12078. DOI: 10.1088/1755–1315/779/1/012078
- 10. Al-Obaidy, A.H.M.J., Maulood, B.K., Kadhem, A.J. 2010. Evaluating raw and treated water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad by index analysis. J. water Resour. Prot., 2(7), 629–635. DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2010.27072
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- 12. Ayat, N.A., Al Kindi G.Y., Hussain T.A. 2021. Assessment of the Water Quality Index of the Tigris River between the University of Baghdad and Diyala River. Engineering and Technology Journal, 39(3A), 512–519. DOI: 10.30684/etj.v39i3A.1392
- 13. Banda, T.D., Kumarasamy M.V.2020. Development of water quality indices (WQIs): A review. Polish J Environ Stud., 29(3), 2011–2021. DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/110526
- 14. Bidyut, K.S. 2017. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal: Awareness for Health and Social Problems. Interna. J. of Appl. Scien. and Engine., 5(1), 43–46. DOI: 10.5958/2322–0465.2017.00005.3
- 15. Ewaid, S.H., Abed, S.A., Al-Ansari, N., Salih, R.M. 2020. Development and evaluation of a water quality index for the Iraqi rivers. Hydrology, 7(3), 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/hydrology7030067
- 16. Ewaid, S.H., Abed, S.A., Kadhum, S.A. 2018. Predicting the Tigris River water quality within Baghdad, Iraq by using water quality index and regression analysis. Environ. Technol. Innov, 11, 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.06.013
- 17. Ghalib, H.B. 2017. Groundwater chemistry evaluation for drinking and irrigation utilities in east Wasit province, Central Iraq. Appl. Water Sci., 7(7), 3447–3467. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13201–017–0575–8
- 18. Ghalib, H., Yaqub, M., Al-Abadi, A.2018. Hydrogeochemical modeling and isotopic assessment of the quaternary aquifer at Ali al-Garbi area in Misaan Governorate, South of Iraq. in Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 121–124. DOI: 10.1007/978–3-030–01572–5_30
- 19. Karen, S., Kevin, C., Kim, H. 2001. Canadian water quality index 1.0 technical report and user’s manual. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines Water Quality Index Technical Subcommittee, Gatineau, QC, Canada., 5.
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- 21. Li, D., Liu, S. 2018. Water quality monitoring and management: Basis, technology and case studies. Water Quality Monitoring and Management: Basis, Technology and Case Studies. Academic Press, 368.
- 22. Majeed, O.S., Al-Azawi, A.J., Nashaat, M.R. 2022. The Effect of Tharthar-Tigris Canal on the Environmental Properties of the Tigris River Northern Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal, 19(6), 1177. https://orcid.org/0000–0001–8063–123X
- 23. Majeed, O.S., Al-Azawi, A.J., Nashaat, M.R. 2023. Application of Cndian Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) for Aquatic Life to Assessment the effect of Tharthar Water upon the Quality of Tigris River Water Northern Baghdad City, Iraq, 6(3).
- 24. Maktoof, A.A, Zahraw, Z., Magtoop, M.G. 2020. Concentrations of some trace metals in water and sediment of main outfall drain in Al-Nassiriyia city by using pollution indices. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2290, 020013. DOI: 10.1063/5.0028595
- 25. Mirza N.N., Nashaat M.R. 2018. An Ecological Assessment for Interactions Between The Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Gharaf River Characteristics, Southern Iraq. Res. Ecol. An Int. Sci., 6(2), 244–2263. http://ecologyresearch.info/documents/EC0650.pdf
- 26. Moran, S. 2018. Clean water characterization and treatment objectives, An Appl. Guid. to Water Effl. Treat. Plant Des., Elsevier, 61–67.
- 27. Nashaat, M.R., Al-Bahathy, I.A.A. 2022a. Impact of Hindiya Dam on the Limnological Features of Euphrates River to the North of Babil Governorate, Iraq. Baghdad Sci. J., 19(3), 447. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.3.0447.
- 28. Nashaat, M.R., Al-Bahathy, I.A.A. 2022b.Impact of Hindiya Dam on Copepoda Diversity in Euphrates River, North of Babylon Province, Iraq. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 6(2), 121–143. DOI: 10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.121
- 29. Roy, M., Shamim, F. 2020. Assessment of Antropogenically Induced Pollution in the surface water of River Ganga: A study in the DhakhineswarGhat, WB, India. J. Water Pollut. Purif. Res., 7(1) 15–20.
- 30. Van der Leeden, F. 1975. Water resources of the world; selected statistics. New York [USA]: Water Information Center, 568.
- 31. Zahraw, Z., Maktoof, A.A., Al-Obaidy, A.H.M.J., Abdul Kareem, L.M., Shakir, E., Hassan, S.M. 2019. Estimation of heavy metal concentration for sediments of Shatt Al-Basrah canal by using Ecological indices. Indian J. Public Heal. Res. Dev., 10(1), 970–974. DOI: 10.5958/0976–5506.2019.00213.4
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-d11261b4-ba4b-43b3-8afa-884a71e0e3b3