Modelling of the effects of laser modification of gas-nitrided layer

• Autorzy: Kulka M. , Panfil D. , Michalski J. , Wach P.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0010.8040

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Purpose: The effects of laser processing parameters on the dimensions of simple laser tracks, produced on the previously nitrided layer, were analysed. Design/methodology/approach: Gas nitriding is one of the most commonly used thermochemical treatment, resulting in many advantageous properties: high hardness, enhanced corrosion resistance, improved wear resistance and fatigue strength. However, an unfavourable increase in the thickness of compound zone (e + ɣ’) close to the surface was observed after conventional gas nitriding. This was the reason for undesirable embrittlement and flaking of the layer. Therefore, a controlled gas nitriding was intensively developed, reducing the percentage of the most brittle e (Fe2-3N) iron nitrides. In this study, the hybrid surface layer was produced. The controlled gas-nitriding was followed by laser heat treatment (LHT). Laser modification was carried out using various laser beam powers and scanning rates. The dimensions of laser tracks (i.e. depths and widths of re-melted zone and heat-affected zone) were measured. Numerical methods were used in order to formulate a mathematical model. Findings: Laser processing parameters (laser beam power and scanning rate) influenced the microstructure obtained. The microstructure of laser modified nitrided steel with re-melting consisted of re-melted zone (MZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), nitrided layer without visible effects of laser treatment and the substrate. The use of laser beam power of 0.26 kW resulted in only a partial re-melting of the compound zone. The two characteristic values of laser beam power were estimated. P0MZ corresponded to the laser beam power at which the re-melted zone disappeared (i.e. width and depth of MZ were equal to 0). P0HAZ was a value of laser beam power at which the effects of laser irradiation were invisible in microstructure (i.e. width and depth of HAZ were equal to 0). The model was proposed in order to predict the effects of LHT on microstructure. Research limitations/implications: The presented model was limited to the scanning rates in the range of 2.24-3.84 m/min. In the future research, this range should be exceeded, especially, taking into account the lower values of scanning rate. Practical implications: The presented model could be used in order to control the microstructure and properties of hybrid surface layers, obtained as a consequence of the controlled gas-nitriding and LHT. Originality/value: his work is related to the new conception of laser modification of nitrided layers. Such a treatment provided the hybrid layers of new advantageous properties.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

gas nitriding; laser heat treatment; microstructure; laser tracks

PL

azotowanie gazowe; laserowa obróbka cieplna; mikrostruktura

• Wydawca: International OCSCO World Press
• Czasopismo: Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 88, nr 2
• Strony: 59--67
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 25 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Kulka M.

• Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland

autor

Panfil D.

• Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland

autor

Michalski J.

• Institute of Precision Mechanics, ul. Duchnicka 3, 01-796 Warszawa, Poland
• Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Wach P.

• Institute of Precision Mechanics, ul. Duchnicka 3, 01-796 Warszawa, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] E.J. Mittemeijer, Fundamentals of nitriding and nitrocarburizing, in: J. Dossett, G.E. Totten (Eds.), ASM Handbook: Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes, Vol. 4A, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2013, 619-646.
• [2] E. Rolihski, Plasma-assisted nitriding and nitro¬carburizing of steel and other ferrous alloys, in: E.J. Mittemeijer, M.A.J Somers (Eds.), Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels Improving Materials Performance, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering: Number 62, Elsevier, 2015, 413-457.
• [3] M.D. Conci, A.C. Bozzi, A.R. Franco Jr., Effect of plasma nitriding potential on tribological behaviour of AISI D2 cold-worked steel, Wear 317 (2014) 188-193.
• [4] M. Ogörek, Z. Skuza, T. Fraczek, The efficiency of ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel 304 using the "Active screen", Metalurgija 54/1 (2015) 147-150.
• [5] T. Fraczek, M. Olejnik, A. Tokarz, Evaluation of plasma nitriding efficiency of titanium alloys for medical applications, Metalurgija 48/2 (2009) 83-86.
• [6] T. Borowski, A. Brojanowska, M. Kost, H. Garbacz, T. Wierzchoh, Modifying the properties of the Inconel 625 nickel alloy by glow discharge assisted nitriding, Vacuum 83 (2009) 1489-1493.
• [7] M.F. Yan, Y.X. Wang, X.T. Chen, L.X. Guo, CS. Zhang, Y. You, B. Bai, L. Chen, Z. Long, RW. Li, Laser quenching of plasma nitrided 30CrMnSiA steel, Material and Design 58 (2014) 154-160.
• [8] J. Michalski, P. Wach, J. Tacikowski, M. Betiuk, K. Burdyhski, S. Kowalski, A. Nakonieczny, Contemporary Industrial Application of Nitriding and Its Modifications, Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24 (2009) 855-858.
• [9] M. Sommers, E.J. Mittemeijer, Layer-growth kinetics on gaseous nitriding of pure iron: evolution of diffusion coefficients for nitrogen in iron nitrides, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26 (1995) 57-74.
• [10] L. Maldzihski, J. Tacikowski, ZeroFlow gas nitriding of steels, in: E.J. Mittemeijer, M.A.J Somers (Eds.), Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels Improving Materials Performance, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering: Number 62, Elsevier, 2015, 459-483.
• [11] J. Michalski, J. Tacikowski, P. Wach, J. Ratajski, Controlled gas nitriding of 40 HM and 38 HMJ steel grades with and without the surface compound layer, composed of iron nitrides, Maintenance Problems 2 (2006) 43-52.
• [12] B. Schwartz, H. Goehring, S.R. Meka, R.E. Schacherl, E.J. Mittemeijer, Pore formation upon nitriding iron and iron-based alloys: The role of alloying elements and grain boundaries, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45 (2014) 6173-6186.
• [13] P. Kula, E. Wołowiec, R. Pietrasik, K. Dybowski, B. Januszewicz, Non-steady state approach to the vacuum nitriding for tools, Vacuum 88/1 (2013) 1-7.
• [14] E. Wołowiec, P. Kula, B. Januszewicz, M. Korecki, Mathematical modelling the low-pressure nitriding process, Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (2013) 377-383.
• [15] B. Major, Laser processing for surface modification by remelting and alloying of metallic systems, Chapter 7, in: Y. Paleau (Ed.), Materials Surface Processing by Directed Energy Techniques, Elsevier, 2006.
• [16] M. Bojinovic, N. Mole, B. Stok, A computer simulation study of the effects of temperature change rate on austenite kinetic in laser hardening, Surface and Coatings Technology 273 (2015) 60-76.
• [17] S. Safdar, L. Li, M.A. Sheikh, Z. Liu, An analysis of the effect of laser beam geometry on laser transformation hardening, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128 (2006) 659-667.
• [18] P.H. Steen, P. Ehrhard, A. Schussler, Depth of melt-pool and heat-affected zone in laser surface treatments, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 25 (1994) 427-435.
• [19] P. Sun, S. Li, G. Yu, X. He, C. Zheng, W. Ning, Laser surface hardening of 42CrMo cast steel for obtaining a wide and uniform hardened layer by shaped beams, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 70/5-8 (2014) 787-796.
• [20] M. Kulka, N. Makuch, A. Pertek, A. Piasecki, Micro structure and properties of borocarburized and laser-modified 17CrNi6-6 steel, Optics and Laser Technology 44 (2012) 872-881.
• [21] M. Kulka, A. Pertek, Micro structure and properties of bonded 41Cr4 steel after laser surface modification with re-melting, Applied Surface Science 214 (2003) 278-288.
• [22] M. Kulka, J. Michalski, D. Panfil, P. Wach, Laser heat treatment of gas-nitrided layer produced on 42CrMo4 steel, Materials Engineering 36/5 (2015) 301-305.
• [23] M. Kulka, D. Panfil, J. Michalski, P. Wach, The effects of laser surface modification on the micro-structure and properties of gas-nitrided 42CrMo4 steel, Optics & Laser Technology 82 (2016) 203-219.
• [24] M. Kulka, D. Panfil, J. Michalski, P. Wach, Effect of laser heat treatment parameters on the micro structure and hardness of gas-nitrided layers, Inżynieria Materiałowa 37/6 (2016) 328-334.
• [25] D. Panfil, P. Wach, M. Kulka, J. Michalski, The influence of laser re-melting on micro structure and hardness of gas-nitrided steel, Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 36 (2016) 18-22.

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018)