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DOI
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Today’s shipping industry is experiencing a shortage of properly trained and competent deck and engine officers. This problem is becoming more acute with each passing year and traditional methods to resolve it apparently do not work. It has become obvious that cargo vessels must be less dependent on human operators. The solution lies in the replacement of manned vessels with autonomous ones. The introduction of autonomous vessels encounters several barriers, which need to be analyzed to find ways to overcome them. It requires a multipronged analysis of existing regulations, technical limitations, cyber security, and co-existence of manned and unmanned vessels in waters with dense traffic. The most difficult problems lie in international regulations, which were written for manned vessels only. Such rules need to be reworked before the deployment of autonomous vessels can be sanctioned worldwide. Technical issues are being gradually resolved with the introduction of new technologies. Special attention should be given to the cyber security of autonomous shipping as it requires the transfer of very large amounts of data through wireless networks. Accommodation of manned and unmanned vessel traffic may require a new approach for ship routing to separate both kinds of traffic.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
34--41
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 28 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Maritime University of Gdynia, Faculty of Navigation 3 Jana Pawła II Ave., 81-345 Gdynia, Poland
Bibliografia
- 1. AGCS (2022) Safety and Shipping Review 2022. Annual report. Munich.
- 2. BIMCO (2020) The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships. Version 4. Copenhagen.
- 3. Cimpanu, C. (2020) All four of the world’s largest shipping companies have now been hit by cyber-attacks. [Online] 28 September. Available from: https://www.zdnet.com/article/ all-four-of-the-worlds-largest-shipping-companies-have-now-been-hit-by-cyber-attacks/ [Accessed: April 25, 2022].
- 4. Clarksons (2017) Graph of the Week. [Online]. Available from: https://i2.wp.com/www.clarksons.net/archive/image-lib/2017-05-19_upload_1966214_SIW%201272.png [Accessed: April 12, 2022].
- 5. Cordon, J.R., Mestre, J.M. & Walliser, J. (2015) Human factor: the key element of maritime accidents. Conference: Atlantic Stakeholder Platform Conference, Brest, France, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2435.1769.
- 6. Danish Maritime Authority (2017) Analysis of regulatory barriers to autonomous ships. Final Report. Copenhagen.
- 7. Dsouza, G. (2019) Role of Seafarers in Budgeting and Cost Management on Board Ships. [Online] 11 September. Available from: https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/ role-seafarers-budgeting-cost-management-board-ships/ [Accessed: February 16, 2022].
- 8. EMSA (2022) European Maritime Safety Report 2022. Luxembourg.
- 9. Hand, M. (2020) Crewing costs are expected to rise in the region of 10–15% this year due to the COVID-19 pandemic according to consultants Drewry. [Online] 15 September. Available from: https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ ship-operations/crew-costs-rise-10-15-year-due-covid-19- drewry [Accessed: May 29, 2022].
- 10. ICS (2021) New BIMCO/ICS Seafarer Workforce Report warns of serious potential officer shortage. [Online] 28 July. Available from: https://www.ics-shipping.org/press-release/ new-bimco-ics-seafarer-workforce-report-warns-of-serious -potential-officer-shortage/ [Accessed: March 17, 2022].
- 11. IMO (1990) International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (ORPC). London.
- 12. IMO (1991) Resolution A.682(17). Regional Cooperation in the Control of Ships and Discharges. London.
- 13. IMO (2011) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). London.
- 14. IMO (2017a) Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs). Electronic edition 2017. London.
- 15. IMO (2017b) MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3. Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management. London.
- 16. IMO (2017c) Resolution MSC.428(98). Maritime Cyber Risk Management in Safety Management Systems. London.
- 17. IMO (2017d) International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1978 and Seafarer’s Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code 1995. Electronic edition 2017. London.
- 18. IMO (2020) International Convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. Electronic edition 2020. London.
- 19. IMO (2021) MSC.1/Circ.1638. Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). London.
- 20. IMO (2022) Autonomous shipping. [Online] 11 September. Available from: https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/ HotTopics/Pages/Autonomous-shipping.aspx [Accessed: March 16, 2022].
- 21. IMO ISPS (2020) International Code for the Security of Ships and of Port Facilities 2002. Electronic edition 2020. London.
- 22. MUNIN (2022) Welcome to the MUNIN Project web page. [Online]. Available from: http://www.unmanned-ship.org/ munin/ [Accessed: March 12, 2022].
- 23. Safety4sea (2018) Global supply and demand for seafarers. [Online] 5 February. Available from: https://safety4sea.com/ global-supply-demand-seafarers-2/ [Accessed: April 12, 2022].
- 24. Ship Handling Centre (2022) Research on ship’s manouevrability. [Online]. Available from: https://www.ilawashiphandling.com.pl/research.html [Accessed: October 10, 2022].
- 25. UK MCA (2016) Marine Guidance Note MGN 520 (M). Southampton.
- 26. UN (1982) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Montego Bay.
- 27. YARA (2022) MV Yara Birkeland. [Online]. Available from: https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/press-kits/yara-birkeland-press-kit/ [Accessed: March 12, 2022].
- 28. Zalewski, P. (2020) Problemy rozwoju statków autonomicznych. Available from: https://bhmw.gov.pl/c/pages/ atts/2020/6/Zalewski_-_problemy_rozwoju_statkow_autonomicznych.pdf [Accessed: October 10, 2022].
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-c7341a0f-c5ec-4118-9099-6902582d95c0