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Before implementing carbon taxes in developing countries: Egypt as a case study

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Warianty tytułu
PL
Przed wdrożeniem podatku węglowego w krajach rozwijających się: Egipt jako studium przypadku
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Carbon taxing is an efficient instrument that is implemented by several countries to reduce CO2 emissions. Taxed products and services that result in emitting CO2 in their processes will be replaced by more sustainable alternatives. Carbon taxing is associated with concerns about high energy prices that can negatively affect households and businesses. Egypt, one of the low middle-income developing countries, depends on fossil fuels to supply more than 93% of its total energy supply. In this paper, an analysis is carried out to assess the effects of a suggested carbon tax on the major carbon emitting sectors; power generation, transport and industry. The results show that the power generation sector can absorb and benefit from a suggested tax at a rate of USD 5 per ton of emitted CO2. The transport sector, which relies heavily on subsidized liquid fuels, needs an urgent reform program to remove these subsidies, which costs the country about 10 billion USD annually, and after that, the carbon tax can be introduced. The industry sector may be affected negatively by the suggested tax, due to competitiveness with non-taxed imported products. On the other hand, this tax can help this sector to be prepared to compete when exporting its products to foreign markets that apply carbon taxes. In conclusion, developing countries like Egypt need a well-planned carbon tax program that can make revenues, remove subsidies, and prepare local industries for fair competitiveness in the global market.
PL
Opodatkowanie emisji dwutlenku węgla jest skutecznym instrumentem wdrażanym przez kilka krajów w celu ograniczenia emisji CO2. Opodatkowane produkty i usługi, które prowadzą do emisji CO2 w swoich działaniach, zostaną zastąpione bardziej zrównoważonymi alternatywami. Opodatkowanie emisji dwutlenku węgla wiąże się z obawami o wysokie ceny energii, które mogą mieć negatywny wpływ na gospodarstwa domowe i przedsiębiorstwa. Egipt, jeden z krajów rozwijających się o niskim średnim dochodzie, jest uzależniony od paliw kopalnych, które dostarczają ponad 93% całkowitej energii. W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono analizę mającą na celu ocenę wpływu proponowanego podatku węglowego na główne sektory emitujące dwutlenek węgla: energetykę, transport i przemysł. Sektor transportu, który w dużej mierze opiera się na subsydiowanych paliwach płynnych, wymaga pilnego programu reform w celu usunięcia tych dotacji, co kosztuje kraj około 10 mld USD rocznie, a następnie można wprowadzić podatek węglowy. Sugerowany podatek może mieć negatywny wpływ na sektor przemysłowy ze względu na konkurencyjność w stosunku do nieopodatkowanych produktów importowanych. Z drugiej strony, podatek ten może pomóc temu sektorowi przygotować się do konkurowania przy eksporcie swoich produktów na rynki zagraniczne, które stosują podatki węglowe. Podsumowując, kraje rozwijające się, takie jak Egipt, potrzebują dobrze zaplanowanego programu podatku węglowego, który może generować przychody, usuwać subsydia i przygotowywać lokalne branże do uczciwej konkurencyjności na rynku globalnym.
Rocznik
Strony
81--100
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 45 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
  • Alexandria National Refining and Petrochemicals Co. (ANRPC), Egypt
  • Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (AIET), Egypt
Bibliografia
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  • Climate Action Tracker (CAT) 2022. Climate Governance: An assessment of the government’s ability and readiness to transform Egypt into a zero emissions society. CAT Climate Governance Series, Egypt, March 2022.
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  • Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) 2022. Annual Report 2020/2021. Ministry of Electricity & Renewable Energy. Arab Republic of Egypt.
  • Egypt 2022. Egypt’s First Updated Nationally Determined Contributions. 7 July 2022.
  • Elshennawy, A. and Willenbockel, D. 2021. The effect of a carbon tax on the Egyptian economy: A general equilibrium analysis. The Economic Research Forum (ERF), Working Paper No. 1525, December 2021.
  • Energy Information Association (EIA) 2022. Country analysis executive summary: Egypt.
  • Gas Regulatory Authority 2023. [Online] https://www.gasreg.org.eg/natural-gas-pricing/ [Accessed: 2023- 03-25].
  • Ghazouani et al. 2020 – Ghazouani, A., Xia, W., Jebli, M.B. and Shahzad, U. 2020. Exploring the role of carbon taxation policies on CO2 emissions: contextual evidence from tax implementation and non -implementation European countries. Sustainability 12(20), doi: 10.3390/su12208680.
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  • International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) 2022. Emissions trading worldwide: Status report 2022. International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP). Berlin.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA) 2020. Implementing effective emissions trading systems. IEA, France, July 2020.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA) 2022. Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2021. IEA, France, March 2022.
  • Koh et al. 2021 – Koh, J., Johari, S., Shuib, A., Matthew, N.K. and Siow, M.L. 2021. Impacts of carbon pricing on developing economies. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 11(4), pp. 298–311, DOI: 10.32479/ijeep.11201.
  • Köppl, A. and Schratzenstaller, M. 2022. Carbon taxation: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2022:1–36. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12531
  • Lilliestam et al. 2021 – Lilliestam, J., Patt, A. and Bersalli, G. 2021. The effect of carbon pricing on technological change for full energy decarbonization. WIREs Climate Change 12(1), DOI: 10.1002/ wcc.681.
  • Liu et al. 2022 – Liu, A., Chen, Y. and Cheng, X. 2022. Social cost of carbon under a carbon-neutral pathway. Environmental Research Letters 17(5), DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac6819.
  • Maestre-Andrés et al. 2021 – Maestre-Andrés, S., Drews, S., Savin, I. and Van den Bergh, J. 2021. Carbon tax acceptability with information provision and mixed revenue uses. Nature Communications 12, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27380-8.
  • Magacho et al. 2022 – Magacho, G., Espagne, E. and Godin, A. 2022. Impacts of CBAM on EU trade partners: consequences for developing countries. Agence Française de Développement, Research Paper No. 238, March 2022.
  • Ministry of Petroleum (MoP), Egypt 2023. [Online] https://www.petroleum.gov.eg/en/Pages/HomePage. aspx [Accessed: 2023-03-25].
  • Muhammad, I. 2022. Carbon tax as the most appropriate carbon pricing mechanism for developing countries and strategies to design an effective policy. AIMS Environmental Science 9(2), pp. 161–184, DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022012.
  • Overland, I. and Sabyrbekov, R. 2022. Know your opponent: Which countries might fight the European carbon border adjustment mechanism? Energy Policy 169, DOI: 10.1016/j. enpol.2022.113175.
  • Parry, et al. 2021 – Parry, I.W.H., Dohlman, P., Hillier, C., Kaufman, M.D., Misch, F., Roaf, J., Waerzeggers, C.J. and Kwak, K. 2021. Carbon pricing: What role for border carbon adjustments? IMF Staff, Climate Note 2021/004, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
  • Parry et al. 2021 – Parry, I., Black, S. and Vernon, N. 2021. Still not getting energy prices right: A global and country update of fossil fuel subsidies. International Monetary Fund (IMF), IMF Staff, Climate Note 2021/236.
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  • Price, R.A. 2020. Lessons learned from carbon pricing in developing countries. Institute of Development Studies, K4D Helpdesk Report 799. Brighton, UK.
  • Rennert et al. 2022 – Rennert, K., Errickson, F., Prest, B.C., Rennels, L., Newell, R.G, Pizer, W., Kingdon,C., Wingenroth, J., Cooke, R., Parthum, B., Smith, D., Cromar, K., Diaz, D., Moore, F.C., Müller, U.K., Plevin, R.J., Raftery, A.E., Ševčíková, H., Sheets, H., Stock, J.H., Tan, T., Watson, M., Wong, T.E. and Anthoff, D. 2022. Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2. Nature 610, pp. 687–700, 27 October 2022, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05224-9.
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  • Rufael, Y.W. and Weldemeskel, E.M. 2021. Do environmental taxes and environmental stringency policies reduce CO2 emissions? Evidence from 7 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, pp. 22392–22408, DOI: doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11475-8.
  • Semmler et al. 2021 – Semmler, W., Braga, J.P., Lichtenberger, A., Toure, M. and Hayde, E. 2021. Fiscal policies for a low-carbon economy. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank.
  • Simões, H.M. and Stanicek, B. 2022. Egypt’s climate change policies. European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). PE 738.187, October 2022.
  • Stavins, R.N. 2022. The Relative merits of carbon pricing instruments: Taxes versus trading. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 16(1), DOI: 10.1086/717773.
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  • World Bank Group 2022. Country Climate and Development Report: Egypt. World Bank Group. Washington, DC.
  • Xiaobei et al. 2022 – Xiaobei, H., Fan, Z. and Jun, M. 2022. The Global Impact of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. A Quantitative Assessment. The Task Force on Climate, Development and the IMF. March 2022
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-c7196af6-45ac-4fe5-ad9a-62d87a0765a7
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