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Studies on NTO-, FOX-7- and DNAN-based Melt Cast Formulations

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In the present paper, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) has been evaluated as a melt cast explosive in comparison to the widely used 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The detonation failure diameter of a bare DNAN charge is greater than 100 mm and about 44 mm with 1.5 mm steel confinement. Comparative studies of two sets of formulations were carried out. The first set comprised formulations containing 60% of NTO, FOX-7, HMX or RDX and 40% of DNAN or TNT. The second set comprised formulations containing 30% of NTO, FOX-7, TATB or RDX and 70% of DNAN or TNT. The studies were mainly concentrated on characterization of the formulations, which included determination of the sensitivity parameters and the velocity of detonation (VOD). The study confirmed that DNAN and DNAN-based formulations are relatively insensitive compared to TNT and the analogous TNT-based formulations respectively. The rate of the detonation reaction of DNAN is enhanced in the presence of the high energy ingredients RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and NTO to varying degrees. The VODs of the FOX-7/TNT and RDX/TNT formulations match closely with the proportions of FOX-7 and RDX under study. The VOD and shock sensitivity of the FOX-7/DNAN formulations decrease rapidly compared to the RDX/DNAN formulations, with increases in the proportion of FOX-7 or RDX. The combinations of NTO with TNT, and NTO with DNAN, are more shock insensitive than TNT or DNAN alone. NTO-based compositions are more insensitive than FOX-7-based compositions.
Słowa kluczowe
EN
melt cast   DNAN   TNT   FOX-7   NTO   RDX/TNT   VOD   sensitivity  
Rocznik
Strony
403--417
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 29 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
autor
  • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021, India
Bibliografia
  • [1] Akhavan, J. The Chemistry of Explosives. 2nd ed., The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK 2004, pp. 10-11; ISBN 0-85404-640-2.
  • [2] Smith, M. W.; Cliff, M. D. NTO-Based Explosive Formulations: A Technology Review. Weapons Systems Division Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, DSTO-TR-0796, 1999.
  • [3] Carleone, J. Tactical Missile Warheads. In: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, Washington DC 1993, Vol. 155.
  • [4] Ravi, P.; Badgujar, D. M.; Gore, G. M.; Tewari, S. P.; Sikder, A. K. Review on Melt Cast Explosives. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2011, 36: 393-403.
  • [5] Van Alphen, J. Dimorphism of 2,4-Dinitroanisole. Chem. Ber. 1930, 63(B), 94-95.
  • [6] Davies, P. J.; Provatas, A. Characterization of 2, 4-Dinitroanisole: An Ingredient for Use in Low Sensitivity Melt Cast Formulations. Weapons Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Organization, DSTO-TR-1904, 2006.
  • [7] Doll, D. W.; Hanks, J. M.; Allred, A. G.; Niles, J. B. Reduced Sensitivity, Melt Pourable TNT Replacements. Patent US 2003/005988 A1, 2003.
  • [8] Wilson, A. BAE Systems. Holston Army Ammunition Plant Improved IM Melt Cast Explosives; imp_DNAN_MUNITIONS.pdf presentation in open literature.
  • [9] Samuels, P. Irreversible Growth of DNAN Based Formulations. ARDEC, NDIA IM/EM Technology Symp., Las Vegas, NV, 14-17 May 2012.
  • [10] Ward, D. W.; Coster, P. L.; Hope, K. S.; Pulham, C. R. Controlling a Polymorphic Transition in 2,4-Dinitroanisole Using Crystal Doping. New Trends Res. Energ. Mater., Proc. Semin.,15th, Pardubice, Czech Republic 2015, 301-309.
  • [11] Walsh, M. R.; Walsh, M. E.; Taylor, S.; Ramsey, Ch. A.; Ringelberg, D. B.; Zufelt, J. E.; Thiboutot, S.; Ampleman, G.; Diaz, E. Characterization of PAX-21 Insensitive Munition Detonation Residues. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2013, 38: 399-409.
  • [12] Walsh, M. R.; Walsh, M. E.; Ramsey, Ch. A.; Thiboutot, S.; Ampleman, G.; Diaz, E.; Zufelt, J. E. Energetic Residues from the Detonation of IMX-104 Insensitive Munitions. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2014, 39: 243-250.
  • [13] Lochert, I. J. FOX-7 a New Insensitive Explosive. Weapons System Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, DSTO-TR-1238, 2001.
  • [14] Wild, R.; Teipel, U. Characterization and Explosive Properties of FOX-7, 35th Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, Karsruhe, Germany 2004, 69.
  • [15] Mishra, V. S.; Vadali, S. R.; Garg, R. K.; Joshi, V. S.; Wasnik, R. D.; Asthana, S. N. Studies on FOX-7 Based Melt Cast High Explosive Formulations. Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2013, 10(4): 569-580.
  • [16] Lee, K. Y.; Chapman, L. B.; Coburn, M. D. 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, a Less Sensitive Explosive. J. Energ. Mater. 1987, 5: 27-33.
  • [17] Lee, K. Y.; Coburn, M. D. 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, A Less Sensitive Explosive. Patent US 4733610, 1988.
  • [18] Cliff, M. D.; Smith, M. W. Assessment of a Melt-Castable NTO/TNT Formulation. Weapons Systems Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Australia, DSTO-TR-0998, 2000.
  • [19] Spyckerelle, C.; Songy, C.; Eck, G. Eurenco, France, IM Melt Cast Compositions Based on NTO. Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium “International Progress in Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials”, Munich, Germany, October 11-14, 2010.
  • [20] Fung, V.; Alexander, B.; Balas, W. Development of Insensitive Aluminized Melt-Pour Explosive Formulation. NDIA: Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, Tucson, AZ 2009.
  • [21] Radhakrishnan, S.; Vijayalakshmi, R.; Reddy, T. S.; Sikder, A. K. Micrometric Characterization Studies of Spherical NTO and its HE Formulations. Proc. 9th International High Energy Materials Conference and Exhibits (HEMCE), Thiruvananthapuram, India 2014, 439-443.
  • [22] Trzciński, W. A.; Cudziło, S.; Dyjak, S.; Nita, S. A Comparison of the Sensitivity and Performance Characteristics of Melt-pour Explosives with TNT and DNAN Binder. Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2014, 11(3), 443-455.
  • [23] Akhavan, J. The Chemistry of Explosives. RSC Publishing, 2nd ed. 2004, p. 43.
  • [24] Kaye, S. M. Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. PATR 2700, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, USA 1980, Vol. 9, pp. T49.
  • [25] Nandi, A. K.; Paramsivan, P.; Singh, S. K.; Mandal, A. K.; Pandey, R. K. Assay of the Insensitive High Explosive FOX-7 by Non-Aqueous Titration. Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2012, 9(4): 343-352.
  • [26] Nandi, A. K.; Singh, S. K.; Kunjir, G.M.; Singh, J.; Mandal, A. K.; Pandey, R. K. Assay of the Insensitive High Explosive 3-Nitro-1,2,4- triazol-5-one (NTO) by Acid-Base Titration. Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2013, 10(1): 113-122.
  • [27] Nandi, A. K.; Thirupathi, N.; Mandal, A. K.; Pandey, R. K. Assay of the Thermally Stable, Insensitive, High Explosive 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2014, 11(2): 295-305.
  • [28] Samuels, P. Characterization of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). NDIA: Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, Las Vegas, NV 2012.
  • [29] Latypov, N. V., Bergman, J., Langlet, A.; Wellmar, U.; Bemm, U. Synthesis and Reactions of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene. Tetrahedron 1998, 54(38): 11525-11536.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-c6f871fd-a02b-4df0-9ccf-442acc7e584b
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