Field Study on Underwater Noise Emitted by Small Tourist Boats. Comparison Between the Use of Electric and Combustion Motors

• Autorzy: Yori Alfio

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/aoa.2023.145239

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Small boats, possessing outboard engines, are widely used in tourism and mammal watching within marine protected areas. Noise generated by this type of vessels has the capacity to negatively affect marine fauna, especially marine mammals, which use sound throughout all the phases of their lives. These tourism boats used in mammal watching may use different propulsion systems, such as gas, diesel or electric engines. To characterize underwater noise emitted by this type of vessels becomes relevant not only when assessing the acoustic impact produced by these different propulsion systems over the marine fauna living inside these protected marine areas, but also when determining which one produces the least impact. A comparative study of underwater noise emissions coming from small touristic boats was made in this study. Boats were similar in capacity and functions, although possessing different propulsion systems. Measurements were made on two boats with a 50 Hp internal combustion engine and one 5 Hp electric boat. These boats were selected to be studied because they have practically the same size, possess the same passenger-capacity and are used to make similar jobs and routes inside the protected area where they are operated. The electric boat showed a considerable decrease in underwater noise emissions, especially in low frequencies. This boat will produce a lower accumulated exposition of the fauna to the noise or will allow a closer approach to the observed species. Measurements were made between September 2018 and January 2020

Słowa kluczowe

EN

small boat underwater noise; anthropogenic underwater noise; electric motor boat; underwater noise produced by tourist boats

• Wydawca: Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN ; Komitet Akustyki PAN ; Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
• Czasopismo: Archives of Acoustics
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: Vol. 48, No. 3
• Strony: 347--358
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz., fot., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Yori Alfio

• Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería Instituto de Acústica Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile

Bibliografia

• 1. Abrahamsen K. (2012), The ship as an underwater noise source, [in:] Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, 17(1): 070058, doi: 10.1121/1.4772953.
• 2. Andrew R.K., Howe B.M., Mercer J.A., Dzieciuch M.A. (2002), Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast, Acoustics Research Letters Online, 3(2): 65-70, doi: 10.1121/1.1461915.
• 3. ANSI/ASA S12.64 (2009), Quantities and procedures for description and measurement of underwater sound from ships – Part 1: General requirements.
• 4. Bjørnø L. (2017), Applied Underwater Acoustics, Elsevier, eBook ISBN: 9780128112472.
• 5. California Department of Transportation (2020), Technical guidance for the assessment of hydroacoustic effects of pile driving on fish, https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/hydroacoustic-manual-a11y.pdf.
• 6. Carey W.M. (2009), Lloyd’s mirror – Image interference effects, Acoustics Today, 5(2): 14-20, doi: 10.1121/1.3182842.
• 7. Commission of the European Communities, (2008), Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive), http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/56/oj.
• 8. Ekdahl Espinoza H. (2014), Solar powered boats [in Spanish: Embarcaciones propulsadas por energía solar], Revista de Marina.
• 9. EN 60565 (2007), Underwater acoustics – Hydrophones – Calibration in the frequency range 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz, European Standard, pp. 29-30.
• 10. Erbe C. (2002), Underwater noise of whale-watching boats and potential effects on killer whales (Orcinus orca), based on an acoustic impact model, Marine Mammal Science, 18(2): 394-418, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01045.x.
• 11. Erbe C., Reichmuth C., Cunningham K., Lucke K., Dooling R. (2016), Communication masking in marine mammals: A review and research strategy, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 103(1–2): 15-38, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.007.
• 12. European Commission (2017), Commission decision (EU) 2017/848 of 17 May 2017.
• 13. Grelowska G., Kozaczka E. (2014), Underwater acoustic imaging of the sea, Archives of Acoustics, 39(4): 439-452, doi: 10.2478/aoa-2014-0048.
• 14. Grelowska G., Kozaczka E., Kozaczka S., Szymczak W. (2013), Underwater noise generated by a small ship in the shallow sea, Archives of Acoustics, 38(3): 351-356, doi: 10.2478/aoa-2013-0041.
• 15. Hawkins A.D., Myrberg A.A.Jr., (1983), Hearing and sound communication underwater, [in:] Bioacoustics, a Comparative Approach, Lewis B. [Ed.], pp. 347-405, Academic Press, London.
• 16. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (2002), Tide and Current Glossary [in Spanish: Glosario de Marea y Corrientes], 3nd ed., Pub. SHOA 3013.
• 17. ISO/PAS 17208-1 (2012), Acoustics – Quantities and procedures for description and measurement of underwater sound from ships – Part 1: General requirements for measurements in deep water, ISO Standard.
• 18. Kinsler L.E., Frey A.R., Coppens A.B., Sanders J.V. (1999), Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th ed, Wiley, Germany.
• 19. Klauson A., Mustonen M. (2017), Ship source strength estimation in shallow water, Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 142(4): 2686, doi: 10.1121/1.5014794.
• 20. Kunc H.P., McLaughlin K.E., Schmidt R. (2016), Aquatic noise pollution: Implications for individuals, populations, and ecosystems, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1836), doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0839.
• 21. Marine Management Organisation [MMO] (2015), Modelled mapping of continuous underwater noise generated by activities, MMO Project No: 1097, ISBN: 978-1-909452-87-9.
• 22. McCauley R.D., Fewtrell J., Popper A.N. (2003), High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(1): 638-642, doi: 10.1121/1.1527962.
• 23. McDonald M.A., Hildebrand J.A., Wiggins S.M. (2006), Increases in deep ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific west of San Nicolas Island, California, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(2): 711-718, doi: 10.1121/1.2216565.
• 24. McGarry et al. (2020), Evidence base for application of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) as marine mammal mitigation (Version 3 ), Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Report No. 615.
• 25. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (2015), Decreto no. 41,Chile.
• 26. Ministerio de Educación Publica (1981), Decreto no. 2734, Chile.
• 27. National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS] (2016), Technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal hearing: Underwater acoustic thresholds for onset of permanent and temporary threshold shifts, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-55.
• 28. National Marine Fisheries Service [NMFS] (2018), 2018 Revisions to: Technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal hearing (Version 2.0): Underwater thresholds for onset of permanent and temporary threshold shifts, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-59.
• 29. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] (2020), Guidelines for safely deterring marine mammals, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/08/31/2020-18718/guidelines-for-safely-deterring-marine-mammals.
• 30. National Physical Laboratory [NPL] (2014), Good practice guide for underwater noise measurement, National Measurement Office, Marine Scotland, The Crown Estate, NPL Good Practice Guide No. 133, ISSN: 1368-6550, https://www.npl.co.uk/special-pages/guides/gpg133underwater.
• 31. Richardson W.J., Greene C.R., Malme C.I., Thomson D.H. (1995), Marine Mammals and Noise, Academic Press, San Diego.
• 32. Ross D. (2005), Ship sources of ambient noise, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 30(2): 257-261, doi: 10.1109/JOE.2005.850879.
• 33. Salas M., Luco R., Ekdahl H. (2013), Solar energy for propulsion of river vessels [in Spanish: Energía solar para propulsión de embarcaciones fluviales], [in:] International Conference IDS2013 – Amazonia, Iquitos, Peru.
• 34. Santos-Domínguez D., Torres-Guijarro S., Cardenal-López A., Pena-Gimenez A. (2016), ShipsEar: An underwater vessel noise database, Applied Acoustics, 113: 64-69, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.008.
• 35. Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental [SEA] (2022), Evaluation criteria in the SEIA: Prediction and evaluation of impacts by submarine noise [in Spanish: Criterio de evaluación en el SEIA: Predicción y evaluación de impactos por ruido submarino].
• 36. Southall B.L. et al. (2007), Marine mammal noise exposure criteria, Aquatic Mammals, 33(4): 411-522, doi: 10.1578/AM.33.4.2007.411.
• 37. Tavolga W.N. (1965), Review of marine bio-acoustics, Technical report: NAVTRADEVCEN 1212-1, U.S. NavalTraining Device Center.
• 38. Tavolga W.N. (1971), Sound production and detection, [in:] Fish Physiology, Hoar W.S., Randall D.J. [Eds.], 5: 135-205, Academic Press, New York, doi: 10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60047-3.
• 39. Tyack P.L., (2000), Functional aspects of cetacean communication, [in:] Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales, Mann J., Connor R.C., Tyack P.L., Whitehead H. [Eds.], Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 270-307, doi: 10.1017/S0376892901290183.
• 40. Tyack P.L. (2008), Implication for marine mammals of large-scale changes in the marine acoustic environment, Journal of Mammalogy, 89(3): 549-558, doi: 10.1644/07-MAMM-S-307R.1.
• 41. Urick R.J. (1996), Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd ed., Peninsula Publishing.
• 42. Velasco Luna F. (2002), Introduction and bibliography of the student t-distribution and its uses in statistical inference [in Spanish: Introducción y bibliografía de la distribución t de student y sus usos en inferencia estadística], Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Estadística e Informática.
• 43. Wladichuk J.L., Hannay D.E., MacGillivray A.O., Li Z., Thornton S.J. (2019), Systematic source level measurements of whale watching vessels and other small boats, The Journal of Ocean Technology, 14(3).
• 44. Wright A.J. et al. (2007), Do marine mammals experience stress related to anthropogenic noise?, International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 20(2): 274-316, doi: 10.46867/ijcp.2007.20.02.01.
• 45. Wysocki L.E., Dittami J.P., Ladich F. (2006), Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes, Biological Conservation, 128(4): 501-508, doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.020.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023). (PL)