Environmental impact of organic vs. conventional agriculture - a review

• Autorzy: Średnicka-Tober D. , Obiedzińska A. , Kazimierczak R. , Rembiałkowska E.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Wpływ rolnictwa ekologicznego i konwencjonalnego na środowisko naturalne - publikacja przeglądowa

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Nowadays nearly 40% of Earth’s land is used by agriculture. Large areas of arable land are covered by cash crops monocultures, and most common intensive agricultural practices are highly dependent on water, synthetic mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and increasingly also on the products of genetic engineering. The mentioned means of agricultural production, aiming at maximizing yields while decreasing direct production costs, resulted in the agriculture becoming in a very short time one of the economy branches with highly significant environmental impact. Some alternative agricultural systems have been developed in response to the increasing environmental and social concerns of intensive agriculture. One of such systems, earning growing interest worldwide, is organic farming. The presented paper shows and compares environmental impacts of organic vs. conventional agricultural production methods on the basis of available published research. According to the literature, global benefits of organic production methods include e.g. improvement of soil structure and fertility, reduction of soil degradation and erosion, protection of biodiversity, and increasing independence on external production inputs, in that water and non-renewable energy sources. All these features of organic production are important for protecting natural resources and fit well in the concept of sustainable development. It should be underlined that the mentioned environmental/ecosystem benefits of replacing industrial, intensive agriculture with the organic systems, translate into measurable economic values. However, as it is very difficult to internalize external (i.e. environmental) costs and benefits (e.g. ecosystem services) of agriculture, they are usually not taken into account in global economic evaluation of the systems, thus inhibiting development of organic sector.

PL

Blisko 40% powierzchni lądowej Ziemi zajmują obecnie tereny użytkowane rolniczo. Większość gruntów ornych pokrywają wielkoobszarowe uprawy monokulturowe, a stosowane intensywne praktyki rolnicze zależne są w ogromnym stopniu od syntetycznych nawozów azotowych, środków chemicznej ochrony roślin, i coraz częściej także od technik inżynierii genetycznej. Wymienione środki produkcji, mające służyć maksymalizacji plonów przy równoczesnym ograniczeniu kosztów produkcji, mają swój udział w tym, że intensywne rolnictwo stało się w bardzo krótkim czasie jedną z gałęzi gospodarki o znaczącym negatywnym wpływie na środowisko. W odpowiedzi na negatywne konsekwencje środowiskowe i społeczne intensyfikacji produkcji rolniczej, pojawiły się alternatywne metody gospodarowania, w tym zyskujące dziś na znaczeniu rolnictwo ekologiczne. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury naukowej podejmującej temat wpływu rolnictwa ekologicznego i konwencjonalnego na środowisko naturalne. Według dostępnej literatury, globalne korzyści wynikające ze stosowania ekologicznych metod produkcji rolnej to m.in. zwiększenie żyzności i poprawa struktury gleb oraz zapobieganie jej degradacji i erozji, ochrona bioróżnorodności, a także uniezależnienie produkcji od nakładów zewnętrznych, w tym przede wszystkim od nieodnawialnych źródeł energii. Wszystkie te cechy produkcji ekologicznej składają się na dbałość o trwałość naturalnych zasobów przyrodniczych i stanowią ważny element koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju. Należy podkreślić, że wymienione korzyści środowiskowe/ekosystemowe związane z zastępowaniem przemysłowego intensywnego rolnictwa przez system ekologiczny wiążą się z wymiernymi korzyściami ekonomicznymi produkcji rolniczej. Z uwagi na ich trudną internalizację, są one jednak często pomijane w globalnym rachunku ekonomicznym, co wpływa hamująco na rozwój sektora ekologicznego.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

organic agriculture; conventional agriculture; farming; natural environment; biodiversity; sustainability

PL

rolnictwo ekologiczne; rolnictwo konwencjonalne; środowisko naturalne; bioróżnorodność; rozwój zrównoważony

• Wydawca: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Poznański Instytut Technologiczny
• Czasopismo: Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: Vol. 61, nr 4
• Strony: 204--211
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 75 poz., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Średnicka-Tober D.

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Chair of Organic Food, ul. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Obiedzińska A.

• Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, National Research Institute (IERiGŻ-PIB), General Economics Department, ul. Świętokrzyska 20, 00-002 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Kazimierczak R.

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Chair of Organic Food, ul. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Rembiałkowska E.

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Chair of Organic Food, ul. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland

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Uwagi

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.