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Traditional pastoralism or mining? Conflict of interest in access to natural pastures in Mongolia and the problem of ecological and environmental justice

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The article deals with the problem related to the growing conflict of interest in access to natural pastures, which is the basis of nomadic pastoralism in Mongolia. The discovery of significant mineral resources (inter alia: gold, copper and coal) resulted in a huge increase in interest in their extraction and use of this potential to accelerate the economic development of the country. The opencast mining causes the degradation of natural pastures and permanently hinders the migration of animals between winter and summer stands. This is a serious threat to traditional pastoralism, which is of high importance not only from the economic point of view, but also from cultural one. The aim of the article is to show the specificity of the issue of ecological justice in Mongolia, and to find an answer to the research question: How can ecological justice in this country be restored? Until this day there are no effective solutions to ensure fair access to areas where fossil resources have been discovered. Simultaneously, due to air pollution, and degradation of water resources, environmental health became a problem of the highest importance among Mongolians’ population. Ecological justice is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in the country, that has been so far considered an example of the most successful pro-democracy transformation in Central Asia.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
56--68
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 42 poz.
Twórcy
  • University of Lodz Faculty of Economics and Sociology, Rewolucji 1905 Street 41, 90-214 Łódź, Poland
  • University of Lodz
Bibliografia
  • A Useless Shame – A Review of the Oyu Tolgoi Copper/Gold Mine, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (2012), Oyu Tolgoi Watch, Accountability Counsel, Urgewald, CEE Bankwatch Network, London Mining Network, and Bank Information Center
  • Daly J.C.K. (2011), Mongolia’s rare earth reserves draw foreign investor interest, Central Asia – Caucasus Institute Analyst
  • Dobson A. (1998), Justice and the Environment: Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Theories of Distributive Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford
  • Dobson A. (ed.) (1999), Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford
  • Eckersley R. (1992), Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach, State University of New York Press
  • Enkhtuvshin B. (2001) Nomads: Culture, Civilizations and Development, Nomad Studies, International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations, No. 2, Ulaanbaatar
  • Hardin G. (1968), The Tragedy of the Commons, “Science” No. 162(3859), p. 1243- 1248
  • Hill B.E. (2014), Environmental Justice: Legal Theory and Practice, Washington D.C., p. 3-4
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  • http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/mongolia-population, [11-09-2019]
  • http://www.bolod.mn/mobile.php?nid=94829 [11-04-2019]
  • http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/63?lawid=63 [11-04-2019]
  • https://minewatch.mn/?lang=en [11-04-2019]
  • https://news.mn/r/511749/ [11-04-2019]
  • https://www.ebrd.com/downloads/integrity/OT_addition_to_the_complaint_4.2014.pdf [11-09-2019]
  • https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice [11-09-2019]
  • https://www.facebook.com/SBNMongolia/videos/ [10-09-2019]
  • https://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/559 [11-09-2019]
  • Foreign Direct Investment in the Mongolian Mining Sector (2016), “International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology” Vol.9, No.3
  • Investment Protection Council, http://ipc.gov.mn/news.php?n=5 [15-09-2019]
  • Krysińska-Kałużna M. (2012), Yamashta czyli ten, Który Prawie Umarł, Oficyna Naukowa, Warszawa
  • Low N., Gleeson B. (1998), Justice, Society and Nature: An Exploration of Political ecology, Routledge, London and New York
  • McGrath F. et al. (2011), Spirited away- Mongolia’s mining boom and the people that development left behind, CEE Bankwatch Network, Urgewald, Bank Information Center, Oyu Tolgoi Watch
  • Mining and geology statistics (2015), Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia, midyear data, p. 30
  • Mongolia Foreign Investment, FDI in Figures, https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/ establish-overseas/mongolia/investing-3?&actualiser_id_banque=oui&id_banque=40&memoriser_choix=memoriser [11-09-2019]
  • Mongolia Mining Sector Overview, Webinar 31 January 2019, Australian Government Austrade, https://www.austrade.gov.au. [11-09-2019]
  • Mongolian Coal Association, www.coalmining.mn (5.08.2014) [26-06-2019]
  • Mongolian News Agency, http://montsame.mn/en/read/13323 [26-06-2019]
  • Mongolian Statistical Information Service, http://www.1212.mn/stat.aspx?LIST_ ID=976_L10_1, [26-04-2019]
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  • Ostrom E. (1990), Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
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  • The Report Mongolia (2015), Oxford Business Group, https://oxfordbusinessgroup. com/mongolia-2015
  • Pulido L. (1996), Environmentalism and Social Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest (Society, Environment, and Place), The University of Arrizona Press, Tucson
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  • turesearching-for-another-oyu-tolgoi-mongolias-big-mining-expansion-58058 70/[26-06-2019]
  • Surrallés A., Hierro P.G. (eds.) (2004), Tierra adentro. Territorio indígena y percepción del entorno, Iwgia-grupo Internacional de Trabajo Sobre Asuntos Indígenas, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28183305_Tierra_adentro_Territorio_indigena_y_percepcion_del_entorno_Alexandre_Surralles_y_Pedro_Garcia_ Hierro_eds [26-06-2019]
  • Tolson M. (2012), Uncovering the Gobi ‘Watergate’, The UB Post, October 25th, http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=1590[29-04-2019]
  • Vernooy R. (2011), How Mongolian herders are transforming nomadic pastoralism, “Solutions” No. 2(5), p. 82-87, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285975565_How_Mongolian_herders_are_transforming_nomadic_pastoralism [27-04-2019]
  • Watts J. (2007), Mongolian ‘ninja’ miners, “The Guardian”, https://www.theguardian. com/news/gallery/2007/oct/04/internationalnews1 [27-05-2019]
  • When I was herding I had a plentiful life… (2015), “The Guardian”, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/09/mongolian-nomads-displacement-mining-impact-development-projects
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-c427edd2-4d68-4b1f-9637-39b84e177dd9
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