Tetrachloroeten : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Soćko Renata

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0013.6379

Warianty tytułu

EN

Tetrachloroethene : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Tetrachloroeten jest bezbarwną, lotną cieczą stosowaną jako rozpuszczalnik chlorowany w pralniach chemicznych, w przemyśle: metalowym, maszynowym i lotniczym, a także jako zmywacz farb i lakierów. Stanowi półprodukt do syntezy związków chemicznych. Znalazł zastosowanie jako medium w wymiennikach ciepła, w weterynarii oraz do dezynfekcji ziarna drogą odymiania. Wielkość produkcji tetrachloroetenu w Unii Europejskiej wynosi 100 000 ÷ 1 000 000 t/rok. Monografię wraz z propozycją normatywu higienicznego dla tetrachloroetenu opracowano ponownie ze względu na ustalenie nowej wartości dopuszczalnej w materiale biologicznym (BLV) w SCOEL, obejmującej pomiar stężenia tetrachloroetenu w powietrzu wydychanym oraz zmniejszenie wartości BLV we krwi, w porównaniu do dotychczas zalecanej przez Międzyresortową Komisję ds. NDS i NDN wartości dopuszczalnego stężenia tetrachloroetenu w materiale biologicznym (DSB). Zdaniem SCOEL, w przypadku substancji wchłaniających się przez skórę, do których należy tetrachloroeten, istnieje szczególna potrzeba monitorowania biologicznego narażenia pracowników w celu zapewnienia najwyższego możliwego poziomu ochrony. W Unii Europejskiej zaklasyfikowano tetrachloroeten do substancji rakotwórczych kategorii zagrożenia 2, z przypisanym zwrotem: podejrzewa się, że powoduje raka. Według opinii ekspertów Międzynarodowej Agencji Badań nad Rakiem (IARC 2014) istnieją ograniczone dowody rakotwórczego działania tetrachloroetenu na ludzi oraz wystarczające dowody działania rakotwórczego związku na zwierzęta doświadczalne (rak wątrobowokomórkowy, gruczolak wątrobowokomórkowy oraz białaczka limfatyczna). Zarówno u ludzi, jak i u zwierząt doświadczalnych skutki narażenia ostrego i przewlekłego na tetrachloroeten są związane przede wszystkim z: ośrodkowym układem nerwowym, wątrobą i nerkami. Zaburzenia ze strony ośrodkowego układu nerwowego manifestują się: bólami i zawrotami głowy, upośledzeniem lub zniesieniem koordynacji ruchowej, a także innymi zaburzeniami stwierdzanymi za pomocą testów neuropsychologicznych. Objawem toksyczności ostrej i inhalacyjnej jest także działanie drażniące tetrachloroetenu na oczy i błony śluzowe dróg oddechowych. Za działanie mutagenne tetrachloroetenu są odpowiedzialne głównie jego metabolity powstające w procesie sprzęgania z glutationem w wątrobie, a następnie aktywowane w nerkach przy udziale beta-liazy. Wyniki badań epidemiologicznych nie wskazują jednoznacznie na wpływ tetrachloroetenu na rozrodczość człowieka, czy działanie embriotoksyczne. Wprawdzie wpływ na rozrodczość, działanie embriotoksyczne i teratogenne tetrachloroetenu odnotowano w niektórych badaniach na zwierzętach doświadczalnych, ale narażanych na tę substancję w bardzo dużych stężeniach. W Polsce obowiązuje wartość najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) tetrachloroetenu na poziomie 85 mg/m³ oraz wartość najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) na poziomie 170 mg/m³ . Jako dopuszczalne stężenie w materiale biologicznym (DSB) przyjęto stężenie tetrachloroetenu we krwi włośniczkowej na poziomie 1,2 mg/l, 15 ÷ 20 min po zakończeniu pracy, w 4. ÷ 5. dniu narażenia Skutkiem krytycznym działania tetrachloroeteu są zaburzenia w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym. Wartość normatywu higienicznego ustalono na podstawie wartości LOAEL (najniższe stężenie wywołujące skutki szkodliwe) wynoszącej 680 mg/m³ , uzyskanej z badania na ochotnikach narażanych na tetrachloroeten, przez 1 h. U ochotników w badanym stężeniu odnotowano: bóle głowy, senność oraz niewielkie podrażnienie oczu. Zaproponowana wartość NDS tetrachloroetenu wynosi 85 mg/m³ , a wartość NDSCh – 170 mg/m³ . Zaproponowano jako wartość DSB tetrachloroetenu przyjąć stężenie we krwi włośniczkowej 0,3 mg/l pobranej przed ostatnią zmianą roboczą, w 5. dniu pracy. Zalecono oznakować tetrachloroeten notą „skóra” (wchłanianie substancji przez skórę może być tak samo istotne, jak przy narażeniu drogą oddechową). Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

EN

Tetrachloroethene is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a chlorinated solvent in chemical laundries, in metal, machine, aerospace and paint and varnish removers. It is an intermediate for the synthesis of chemical compounds. It has found use as a medium in heat exchangers, in veterinary medicine and for disinfection of grain by fumigation. The production volume of tetrachloroethene in the EU is 100,000–1,000,000 t / year. The monograph along with the proposed hygiene standard for tetrachloroethene was re-developed due to the setting of a new limit value in biological material (BLV) in SCOEL, including measurement of tetrachloroethene concentration in exhaled air and a decrease in BLV value in blood, compared to the one recommended by the Inter-Ministry Committee for OEL and OEL the value of permissible concentration of tetrachloroethene in biological material (DSB). According to SCOEL, for substances absorbed through the skin, including tetrachloroethene, there is a particular need to monitor workers' biological exposure to ensure the highest possible level of protection. According to the harmonized EU classification, tetrachloroethene is a category-2 carcinogen with risk phrase: Suspected of causing cancer. There is limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect of tetrachloroethene in humans and sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals (hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma and lymphocytic leukemia). In both humans and laboratory animals, the effects of acute and chronic exposure to tetrachloroethene are primarily associated with the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Central nervous system disorders are manifested by headache, dizziness, impairment or abnormal coordination, and other disorders found with neuropsychological tests. Acute inhalation toxicity is also irritating to tetrachloroethene on the eyes and respiratory mucosa. The metabolites of tetrachloroethene are mainly responsible for its metabolites formed in the process of conjugation with glutathione in the liver and then activated in the kidneys with the participation of beta-lyase. The results of epidemiological studies do not clearly indicate the effect of tetrachloroethene on human reproduction or embryotoxic effects. Admittedly, effects on reproduction, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of tetrachloroethene have been reported in some studies on laboratory animals, exposed to this substance in very high concentrations, though. In Poland, the maximum permissible concentration of tetrachloroethe at 85 mg/m³ and the maximum permissible instantaneous concentration at 170 mg / m³ are currently in force. The determined DSB value is 1.2 mg tetrachloroethene /L capillary blood in a sample taken 15–20 min after the end of work on the 4th and 5th day of exposure. The critical effect of tetrachloroete are disorders in the central nervous system. The value of the hygiene standard was derived based on the LOAEL value (lowest concentration causing harmful effects) of 680 mg /m³ , obtained from a study on volunteers exposed to tetrachloroethene for 1 h. In volunteers at the tested concentration headache and drowsiness and slight eye irritation were noted. The proposed MAC value for tetrachloroethene is 85 mg/m³ , and the MAC value is 170 mg/m³ . It was proposed to take a concentration of 0.3 mg/l capillary blood collected before the last work shift on the 5th day of work as the DSB value of tetrachloroethene. It was recommended to label tetrachloroethene with the notation "skin" (absorption of the substance through the skin may be as important as when inhaled). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

tetrachloroeten; narażenie zawodowe; toksyczność; NDS; nauki o zdrowiu; inżynieria środowiska

EN

tetrachloroethene; occupational exposure; toxicity; MAC; health sciences; environmental engineering

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: Nr 4 (102)
• Strony: 105--148
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 165 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Soćko Renata

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).