Combustion hazards from building materials

• Autorzy: Stec A. A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Fire smoke has a highly variable composition which is dependent on several factors, including oxygen supply, heating rate, temperature and the chemical structure of the materials that are burning. One area that is particularly important is the determination of volatiles that can have a negative effect on the environment as well as posing a serious hazard to human health. Prediction of toxic fire hazard depends on two parameters: time-concentration profiles for major products. These depend on the fire growth curve and the yields of toxic products; toxicity of the products, based on estimates of doses likely to impair escape efficiency, cause incapacitation, or death. Toxic product yields depend on the material composition, and the fire conditions. The most significant differences in fire conditions arise between flaming and non-flaming combustion. The burning of an organic material, such as a polymer, is a complex process, in which volatile breakdown products react, to a greater or lesser extent, with oxygen, producing a cocktail of products. These range from the relatively harmless carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, to products of incomplete combustion, including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), organoirritants etc. In addition, depending on the other elements present, halogen acids, oxides of nitrogen, and sulphur, may be formed. The fire toxicity of building materials were investigated under a range of fire conditions, oxidative pyrolysis (smouldering) and well-ventilated flaming to under-ventilated flaming. The yields of the major toxic products, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and irritant gases nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide together with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are presented as a function of fire condition. The toxicities of the effluents, showing the contribution of individual toxic components, are compared using the fractional effective dose (FED) model and LC50, (the mass required per unit volume to generate a lethal atmosphere under specified conditions).

Słowa kluczowe

EN

building material; fire safety; designing; life safety hazard; hazard evaluation; fire scenario; exposure factor; smoke; toxicity

PL

materiał budowlany; bezpieczeństwo pożarowe; projektowanie; zagrożenie życia; ocena zagrożenia; scenariusz pożaru; czynnik oddziaływania; dym; toksyczność

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT
• Czasopismo: Materiały Budowlane
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: nr 10
• Strony: 32--35
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 19 poz., il., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Stec A. A.

• Centre for Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Wielka Brytania

Bibliografia

• [1] Purser D. A., (2003) ASET and RSET: addressing some issues in relation to occupant behaviour and tenability, Fire Safety Science –Proceedings of the seventh International Symposium, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 91 – 102.
• [2] Fire Toxicity (2010), Edited by Anna A. Stec and T. Richard Hull, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
• [3] ISO 19706:2007, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people.
• [4] BS PD 6503-1:1990, Toxicity of combustion products. General.
• [5] Stec A. A., Hull T. R., (2010) Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Second Edition, Edited by Charles A Wilkie and Alexander B Morgan, CRC Press, Chapter 17.
• [6] United Kingdom Fire Statistics 2012, Home Office, London, 2012.
• [7] ISO/TR 16738:2009, Fire-safety engineering – Technical information on methods for evaluating behaviour and movement of people.
• [8] Purser D. A., (2008) Assessment of hazards to occupants from smoke, toxic gases and heat. Chapter 2-6. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Ed. P. J. DiNenno, Fourth Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy MA, USA. 2-96 – 2-193.
• [9] ISO 13571:2007, Life-threatening components of fire – Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data.
• [10] BS 7899-1:1997, Assessment of hazard to life and health from fire-Part 1.
• [11] BS 7899-2:1999, Assessment of hazard to life and health from fire-Part 2.
• [12] ISO 13344:2004, Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents.
• [13] ISO 13571:2007, Life threat from fires – Guidance on the estimation of time available for escape using fire data.
• [14] BS 7990:2003, Tube furnace method for the determination of toxic product yields in fire effluents.
• [15] ISO TS 19700:2006, Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents.
• [16] Stec A. A., Lebek K., Hull T. R., (2008) Characterisation of the steady state tube furnace (ISO TS 19700) for fire toxicity assessment, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2058 – 2065.
• [17] Stec A. A., Hull T. R., Purser J. A., Blomqvist P., Lebek K., (2008) A comparison of toxic product yields obtained from five laboratories using the steady state tube furnace (ISOTS 19700), Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, 653 – 664.
• [18] Papadopoulos A. M. State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments. Energy Build 2005; 37: 77 – 86.
• [19] Stec A. A., Hull T. R. (2011) Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials. Energy Build, 43: 498 – 506.