PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Visual grading of small-diameter poplars for peeling use

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Small-diameter poplars (Populus euramericana, or Populus deltoids, or Populus nigra) are an important raw material resource for the wood and paper industry. Both manufacturers and governments are increasingly interested in obtaining this raw material from poplar plantations. A small-diameter poplar is between fifteen and thirty five centimetres in diameter at breast height. In this study, small-diameter poplars were graded visually for use in peeling. Traditional rules currently in use were applied when grading small-diameter poplars, and standard layer-sorting rules were used on the outputs from the peeling process. The field study has shown that standard sorting by layer doesn't correspond well when small-diameter poplars are sorted. For instance, the best small-diameter poplar is rarely classified as class A or B by standard layer sorting. In this research, small-diameter poplars are classified accurately using specific, alternative rules, and the grading scale ranges are presented. Some defects, such as knot and splits, have a strong influence on the quality of the final product, but often, existing standard-sorting methods do not reflect the degree to which the defects have affected the final product. A new method for classifying small-diameter poplars is presented, which groups the wood by its value in the final product.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Strony
31--47
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 27 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • Department of Paper, Wood Technology and Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
  • Department of Paper, Wood Technology and Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
autor
  • Department of Paper, Wood Technology and Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Bibliografia
  • Bayatkashkoli A., Amiri S., Faezipour M., Dosthosyne K. [2008]: Economical classification of small-diameter poplar utilization in the particle board and ply wood industries. Pajouhesh Sazandegi 81 [4]: 87-99
  • Becker D. [1998]: Lumber recovery from small diameter ponderosa pine in northern Arizona. General Technical Report. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research, Portland, Oregon
  • Bodig J., Jayne B. [1989]: Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composits. Van Nostrand Reinhold, House & Home. New York
  • Craft E.P. [1982]: The effect of saw bolt length on the yield of pallet materials from smalldiameter hardwood trees. Res. Pap. NE-499. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania
  • Craft E.P., Emanuel D.M. [1981]: Yield of pallet cants and lumber from hardwood pole timber thinnings. Res. Pap. NE-482. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania
  • Edund J., Lindstrom H., Nilsson F., Real M. [2006]: Modulus of elasticity of Norway spruce saw logs vs structural lumber grade. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 64: 273-279
  • Erikson R., Gorman T., Green D., Graham D. [2000]: Mechanical grading of lumber sawn from small-diameter lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and grand fir trees from northern Idaho. Forest Products Journal 50 [7-8]: 59-65
  • Fahey T.D., Hunt D.I. [1972]: Lumber recovery from douglas-fir thinnings at a bandmill and two chipping canters. RP-PNW-131. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Station, Portland
  • Fernandez-Golfin J.I., Diez-Barra M.R., Hermoso E., Mier R. [2007]: Mechanical characterization of visually classified, small-diameter laricio pin round timber. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 5 [3]: 304-311
  • Hecker M., Ressmann J., Becker G., Merforth C. [2000]: Prognosis of sawn timber quality based on roundwood grading-comparison of selected national and European grading rules for roundwood and sawn timber. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 3: 55
  • Howard J.L. [2001]: U.S. timber production, trade, consumption and price statistics 1965-1999. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-595. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin
  • Michael J., De Lasaux M.J., Spinelli R., Hartsough B.R., Magagnotti N. [2009]: Using a small-log mobile sawmill system to contain fuel reduction treatment cost on small parcels. Small Scale Forestry 8: 367-379
  • Paun D., Jackson G. [2000]: Potential for expanding small-diameter timber market – assessing use of wood posts in highway applications. General Technical Report FPLGTR-120. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin
  • Perkins B., Smith B., Araman P.h. [2008]: Analyzing the feasibility of utilizing small diameter hardwood timber for solid wood products and residues. General Technical Report SRS-111. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina
  • Petutschnigg A.J., Katz H. [2005]: A log linear model to predict lumber quality depending on quality parameters of logs. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 63: 112-117
  • Ranta-Maunus A. [1999]: Bending and compression properties of small diameter round timber. FIN-02044 VTT. VTT Building Technology, Espoo, Finland
  • Rast E.D., Sonderman D.L., Gammon G.L. [1973]: A guide to hardwood log grading. Revised. General Technical Report GTR-NE-1. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania
  • Spinelli R., Magagnotti N., Nati C. [2011]: Work quality and veneer value recovery of mechanized and manual log-making in Italian poplar plantations. European Journal of Forest Research 130: 737-744
  • Wang S.Y., Chen J.H., Tsai M.J., Lin C.J., Yang T.H. [2008]: Grading softwood lumber using nondestructive techniques. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 208: 149-158
  • Willits S., Ross R. [2004]: Veneer recovery from small diameter stands in southwestern Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station and Forest Products Laboratory, Oregon
  • List of standards
  • APA-PS1-95: 1995 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) construction and industrial plywood. American Plywood Association
  • BS EN 14081-2: Timber structures. Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section. Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing
  • DIN 4074-1: Strength grading of wood - Part 1: Coniferous sawn timber
  • EN 338, CEN: 2003 European Committee for Standardization [CEN] – Structural timber – strength classes
  • ISIRI Number 1275: 1994 Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran – acceptable defects for logs (and gradation)
  • PR EN 14544: Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with round cross-section – Requirements
  • VPS-SRT-2: Structural round timber – grading – requirements for visual strength – grading standards
Uwagi
Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-c21ae875-cfd8-497d-a6ea-c7e44e1ae052
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.