Investigations of emissions of reactive substances NO2 and NH3 from passenger cars

• Autorzy: Czerwinski J. , Comte P. , Güdel M. , Lemaire J. , Mayer A. , Heeb N. , Berger H. , Reutimann F.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.19206/CE-2016-327

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Public concern and complaints regarding ambient air in zones of dense traffic pertains to two compounds of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ammonia (NH₃); both are toxic and strongly irritant, such that legal limitations are under discussion. This paper contributes to measuring methods as already in part proposed by GRPE subgroup WLTP-DTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedures – Diesel Test Procedures) for NO₂. Despite legally lowered NO_x emission levels, lumping both, NO₂ and NO, levels of NO₂ have risen in cities and agglomerations as a result of both, deployed catalytic exhaust after-treatment devices and low sulphur Diesel fuels. In present tests two different combinations of NO₂ measuring methods as proposed by WLTP were checked on Diesel cars for practicability in handling and accuracy. These integral, indirect methods (NO₂ = NO_x – NO) have been found as useful tools for estimate of NO₂ and with use of appropriate analyzers a satisfactory accuracy was attained. Furthermore, attention was brought to ammonia (NH₃) emitted by gasoline engines with three way catalysts (TWC) which ought not to be ignored while on the other hand SCR systems for Diesel engines are strictly regulated. Emission levels of more recent TWC turned out to be mostly below 20 ppm NH₃. Vehicle of older technology exhibited significantly higher levels, about 10 times more. As chemical reactions depend on pressure and temperature (= i.e. flow condition in CVS-tunnel) as well as concentrations, doubts need to be considered on accuracy of results based on chemical reactive substances. Nevertheless, clear tendencies regarding changes of concentrations of NO₂ and NH₃ along the path-way could not be observed.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

exhaust emissions; reactive substances; NO2; NH3

PL

emisje spalin; substancje reaktywne; NO2; NH3

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
• Czasopismo: Combustion Engines
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: R. 55, nr 3
• Strony: 24--33
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 12 poz., il., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Czerwinski J.

• Laboratorium for IC-Engines and Exhaust Gas Control, University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne, Switzerland

autor

Comte P.

• AFHB, University of Applied Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland

autor

Güdel M.

• AFHB, University of Applied Sciences, Biel-Bienne, Switzerland

autor

Lemaire J.

• Association Européenne D’experts En Dépollution Automobile, France

autor

Mayer A.

• Technik Thermische Maschinen (TTM), Switzerland

autor

Heeb N.

• Advanced Analytical Technologies, EMPA – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland

autor

Berger H.

• Swiss Federal Roads Office (ASTRA), Bern, Switzerland

autor

Reutimann F.

• BAFU, Federal Office of Environment, Switzerland

Bibliografia

• [1] Lemaire, J. (AEEDA): NO2: A New Challenge? 3. FAD, Dresden 10-11 November 2005.
• [2] Carslaw, D. Evidence of an Increasing NO2/NOx Emissions Ratio from Road Traffic Emis-sons. University of Leeds, Atm. Envir. 39 (2005) 4793-4802.
• [3] Kessler ,C. et al. Estimation of NO2/NOx Relations with Traffic in Baden-Wurttemberg from 1995 to 2005. Poster at 2nd Conference Environment and Transport 12-14 June, 2006, Reims, proceedings n°2, pages 101 to 105, AVISO GmbH.
• [4] Czerwinski, J., Pétermann, J.-L., Comte, P., Lemaire, J., Mayer, A. Diesel NO/NO2/NOx Emissions – New Experiences and Challenges. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0321, Detroit, April 2007.
• [5] Czerwinski, J., Zimmerli, Y., Chiesura, C., Mayer, A., Lemaire, J., D’Urbano, G. NO2-Formation in Diesel Particle Filter Systems. SAE Paper 2013-01-0526, World Congress Detroit, April 2013.
• [6] Spruk, P. C., Frantz, S., Schütze, F.-W., Noack, H.-D., Müller, W. NO2 Formation on the DOC/DPF System – a System Thought. UMICORE, 6th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, AVL, Ludwigsburg, Germany, March 2010.
• [7] Zelenka-Eicher, B., Wirth, F., Zelenka, P. Auslegung von DPF-Systemen für die Nachrüstung im Hinblick auf NO2 Emissionen. Twintec, VDI-Fachkonferenz „Abgasnachbehandlungssysteme 2010, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Dezember 2010.
• [8] Lanzerath, P., Traebert, A., Massner, A., Gärtner, U. Effects of Catalyst Deactivation on the Performance of Exhaust AfterTreatment Systems in Commercial Vehicles. Daimler AG. 19. Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik 2010. Band 1, p. 491.
• [9] Mohn, J., Forss, A-M., Brühlmann, S., Zeyer, K., Lüscher, R., Emmenegger, L., Novak, Ph., Heeb, N. Time-Resolved Ammonia Measurement in Vehicle Exhaust. Int. J. Environment and Pollution 22(3);2004.
• [10] Heeb, N., Forss, A-M., Brühlmann, S., Lüscher, R., Saxer, Ch., Hug, P. Three-Way Catalyst-Induced Formation of Ammonia – Velocity- and Acceleration-Dependent Emission factors. Elsevier, Atmospheric Environment, 40 (2006) 5986-5997.
• [11] Heeb, N., Saxer, Ch., Forss, A-M., Brühlmann, S. Trends of NO-, NO2-, and NH3-Emissions from Gasoline-Fueled Euro-3- to Euro-4-Passenger Cars. Elsevier, Atmospheric Environment, 42 (2008) 2543-2554.
• [12] Suarez-Bertoa, R., Zardini, A.A., Astorga, C. Ammonia Exhaust Emissions from Spark Ignition Vehicles over the New European Driving Cycle. Atmospheric Environment 97 (2014) 43-53.

Uwagi

PL

Opracowanie ze środków MNiSW w ramach umowy 812/P-DUN/2016 na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.